Plant extracts indicator papers

Europeans—dyed their hair red with soap. (The soap may have just taken dirt off a naturally red-headed people). And Pliny did strive to be comprehensive. He recorded processes involving metals, salts, sulfur, glass, mortar, soot, ash, and a large variety of chalks, earths, and stones. He describes the manufacture of charcoal the enrichment of the soil with lime, ashes, and manure the production of wines and vinegar varieties of mineral waters plants of medical or chemical interest and types of marble, gems and precious stones. He discusses some simple chemical reactions, such as the preparation of lead and copper sulfate, the use of salt to form silver chloride, and a crude indicator paper in the form of papyrus strips soaked in an extract of oak galls that changed color when dipped in solutions of blue vitriol (copper sulfate) contaminated with iron. 

The pilot plant stage Is vital in the scale-up of any new resin process, and in this paper we discuss the design philosophy of pilot plants and then describe two fully Instrumented and computer data logged reactors. Some indication is given of the use of the extracted data for both modelling and scale up. Both controlled and data logged parameters are tabulated and an example of data extraction for heat balance is illustrated. 

To determine the allelopathic potential of campestris and oleracea var. italica, leachates from each species were made. Extracts were prepared by soaking, for two hr, weighed amounts of fresh or dried material in sufficient doubly distilled water to prepare a 10% extract (of fresh material) or 1.5% extract (of dry material). Extracts were vacuum filtered through paper (Whatman 1). The osmotic concentration was measured with a freezing-point osmometer (0 to 500 mosm) and indicator seeds were soaked in 10 mL of the extract for an hour prior to planting. 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a suitable process for many separation problems. The regeneration of the supercritical fluid is as important as the extraction step itself Therefore this paper presents a method to do this in a more isobaric way than the customary pressure reduction regeneration. For the example of soil remediation we have investigated the activated carbon regeneration of supercritical carbon dioxide loaded with the low-volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pyrene. Characteristics of supercritical fluid extraction for soil remediation are elevated temperatures and pressures up to 370 K and 300 bar. For this reason adsorption isotherms of pyrene on activated carbon up to these conditions are measured first. Subsequently this method is used to regenerate carbon dioxide in a closed solvent cycle plant with a 4 1 extractor. An economic analysis using these results indicate that the soil remediation costs will decrease for about 20 - 30 % by means of an activated carbon adsorber. 

Figure 3. Filter paper disks on which honeydew of l. lugens (Biotype 1) females was collected when they fed on susceptible fTNlf plants sprayed with steam distillate extract of resistant fARC6650f, fPtb 33, or susceptible TNI1 rice varieties. Control plants were sprayed with acetone. Dark spots on ninhydrin-treated filter paper disks indicate the amount of honeydew excreted by females on treated rice plants.

Radicle elongation was a more sensitive measure than germination. Phytotoxicity decreased as the distance from rye shoot material to assay seeds increased. Generally, cress and lettuce were more sensitive indicators than the grass species tested. Phytotoxic compounds from shoots were water extractable. To evaluate the effect of plant part and quantity of residue, roots, shoots, or both were assayed at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/dish and placed 5 mm away from the assay seed. Similar amounts of paper towels were used as controls. Shoot tissue was about twice as toxic as root tissue. The data suggested that under field conditions, a... 

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