Papyrus strip

The utilization of starch as an adhesive can be traced at least to 3,500-4,000 B.C., when it was used by the Egyptians to bond papyrus strips. Today, starch and dextrins derived from starch find a variety of applications in adhesives (46). Dr. H. M. Kennedy of Grain Processing Corporation presents a detailed overview of the use of starch and dextrins in Chapter 23. 

Europeans—dyed their hair red with soap. (The soap may have just taken dirt off a naturally red-headed people). And Pliny did strive to be comprehensive. He recorded processes involving metals, salts, sulfur, glass, mortar, soot, ash, and a large variety of chalks, earths, and stones. He describes the manufacture of charcoal the enrichment of the soil with lime, ashes, and manure the production of wines and vinegar varieties of mineral waters plants of medical or chemical interest and types of marble, gems and precious stones. He discusses some simple chemical reactions, such as the preparation of lead and copper sulfate, the use of salt to form silver chloride, and a crude indicator paper in the form of papyrus strips soaked in an extract of oak galls that changed color when dipped in solutions of blue vitriol (copper sulfate) contaminated with iron. 

One of the earliest references to a reaction in solution, which, as we now realize, depends upon the formation of a coordination compound, was recorded by Pliny who stated that the adulteration of copper sulfate by iron sulfate could be detected by testing with a strip of papyrus soaked in gall-nuts, when a black colour developed if iron were present. A. Libavius (1540-1616) noted how ammmonia present in water could be detected by the blue colour formed with a copper salt and A. Jacquelain (1846) actually determined copper salts in terms of the blue colour formed on adding ammonia. Later developments used coordination compounds formed from ethylenediamine and other polyamines.3 T. J. Herapath determined iron(III) as its red isothiocyanate complex in 1852 and the basic procedure is used today.3... 

As soon as chemical substances of plant or mineral origin became the objects of commerce, the need for what we nowadays think of as quality control became evident, for the realities of human nature soon ensured that problems of adulteration, false weights, and even plain deception had to be taken into account. Thus, Phny (23 79 ad) recorded that the adulteration of copper sulfate by iron sulfate could be detected by testing a solution with a strip of papyrus soaked in gall-nuts, which blackened if iron was present. 

The need for a writing medium has constantly increased alongside the development of writing instruments. Early materials such as stone or animal skins were replaced in Ancient Egypt by a media made by crisscrossing and pressing together sliced strips of stem of Papyrus. In AD 105, paper was invented by Ts ai Lun in China and completely substituted Papyrus around the tenth century AD. 

Little has been recorded on the early examination of solutions. The oldest record comes from Pliny in Naturalis historiae libre 33 in which mention is made of the detection of the adulteration of copper sulfate by iron sulfate by using a strip of papyrus soaked in an extract of gall-nuts. If the vitriol solution was adulterated with iron, the papyrus turned black. 

The precursors of paper were papyrus and parchment, which were used for writing as early as 3000 BC in Egypt. In China, strips of bamboo or wood were used for writing and drawing before the discovery of paper. The invention of paper has been attributed to Ts ai Lun in AD 105, who produced a uniform writing-material paper from felted plant fibers [3]. The original paper was made in China from rags, bark... 

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