Placement methods

Often the first layers of fill have to be placed under water, while in a later stage filling can continue above water. 

To ensure that the fill is placed within the required boundaries without lateral spreading outside its footprint, the reclamation area is often partly or fully bounded by containment bunds. 

Fines in the fill material tend to segregate during the deposition process. If the fines content is not too high, fill must be placed in such a way that the fines are well distributed within the reelamation. 

Should the fill contain too many fines and/or other deleterious materials, measmes may have to be taken. The surplus of these materials should either be removed from the reclamation area or redirected to locations where they can do no harm (for instance settling ponds). In both cases a working method must be adopted that promotes segregation of the unsuitable and suitable fractions of the fill (see section 6.7.2). 

---

The state space state feedback gain (K2) related to the output variable C2 is the same as the proportional gain obtained with root locus. Given any set of closed-loop poles, we can find the state feedback gain of a controllable system using state-space pole placement methods. The use of root locus is not necessary, but it is a handy tool that we can take advantage of. 

Placement of munitions in the inner vessel such that there is no possibility of their being dislodged and detonating on the vessel floor. This may entail a placement method other than hanging the munitions in slings from the linear rack at the top of the inner vessel. 

Figure 9.6 Principle of the tailored fibre placement method.

This term embraces broadcasting, spreading/spray-ing, or dusting, as weD as more specific placement methods including injection into the soil and the drifling of seed and fertilizer combined. It may be broadened to cover nutrient film techniques and the addition of fertilizers to irrigation water (fertigation). 

A state-feedback/state-observer approach was used for the experiments reported in Section 5.5. The state-feedback controller was designed by one of two pole-placement methods ... 

A large variety and quantity of damper placement methods have been proposed these can be categorised, as shown in Figure 1. 

Many analytical optimal placement methods have been proposed, including methods based on the principles of optimal control theory, gradient-based search methods, and an analysis/redesign method. 

The peak interstoiy drifts forthe regular building are analysed further in Figure 4. The standard deviations of drift under the DBE are similar amongst the damper placement methods at each floor (an average of 0.24% maximum standard deviation, with all methods within 8% of the average maximum standard deviation) and greatest forthe bare frame (0.40%and 0.84%maxumun standard deviations under the DBE and MCE, respectively). 

Finally, we offer some comments on the ease of implementation of the schemes, based on adherence to the damper placement methods procedures as outlined in literature. The uniform and stiffness proportional methods are the simplest to apply while still achieving the desired drift limit. Although requiring the use of only three time histories, the SSSA method is the most time consuming because it requires three time domain analyses at each of the twenty steps used in our analysis (i.e. a total of sixty linear time history... 

The effectiveness and usability of five damper placement methods has been evaluated by using them to achieve response reductions in ten-story, moment-resisting frames. It was shown that even the simplest methods can provide substantial improvements in building performance, as demonstrated by the median responses to a suite of 20 ground motions. In our example, all the schemes considered were able to meet the design drift limits, reduce floor accelerations and eliminate non-linearity at the DBE, resulting in zero residual drift. 

While all methods investigated were effective, the three optimal placement techniques studied, the SSSA, Takewaki and Lavan methods, all offered greater reductions in interstory drifts than the uniform and stiffness-proportional schemes. It is therefore evident that there is benefit to be gained from the additional effort of implementing an iterative scheme, in terms of further response reductions for a given outlay. It is notable that this benefit of the advanced schemes is not so evident when considering peak absolute floor accelerations, which do not reveal large differences between any of the added damper schemes, apart from consistently smaller acceleration distributions in the upper floors for the standard placement methods. 

Whittle, J. K., Williams, M. S., Karavasilis, T. L., Blakeborough, A. (2012). A comparison of viscous damper placement methods for improving seismic building design. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 76(4), 540-560. 

This section presents a consolidated review on the state-of-the-art for optimal passive damper placement. Wherever possible and relevant, comprehensive outlines of the contents of respective works are presented. At the end of this section, some limitations inherent in the current optimal damper placement methods are pointed. 

Transperineal brachytherapy is growing in popularity over other treatment options because of a significantly smaller chance of incontinence and impotence, quick treatment and recovery and high success rates [15]. As brachytherapy becomes the method of choice, the procedure must become more reliable. Early detection through accurate biopsy needle placement is crucial to treat prostate cancer. To increase prostate cancer survival rates, it follows that needle placement methods must be improved with MRI guided methods. 

Alternate uses Some methods can be adapted for alternatives uses. For example, DOCK, which is clearly a whole molecule approach, also may be viewed as a fragment placement method because it can be used with a library of small fragments to determine optimal locations for those fragments. 

Category 1. Fragment Location (Fragment Placement) Methods... 

For this experiment, data have been collected from the previous project. The brain signals (EEG) and the muscle signals (electromyogram, EMG) were recorded from ten normal subjects. EEG was recorded with averaged reference from 19 surface electrodes mounted in a cap (Electro-Cap International, Inc., Eaton, OH), according to the international 10-20 electrodes placement method. 

Natural slope angles of fill after hydraulic placement are usually (very) gentle. These slopes will depend on the placement method, the particle size distribution of the fill and the exposure to waves and currents, see Table 6.1. Should the fill not be contained by bunds, large volumes of fill may be deposited outside the actual footprint of the reclamation area. 

---