Piranha

COMPLEX 1 RTDM EPA-WHPA RUSTIC FATE SMPTOX PIRANHA... 

This directory contains the USEPA Pesticide and Industrial Chemical Risk Analysis and Hazard Assessment system. Documentation for PIRANHA is contained in a MANUALS subdirectory enter PIRANHA C where C is a hard disk to receive the output files to run the sy stem. For efficient operation of PIRANHA, transfer the files from the CD-ROM to your hard disk, (it requires 28 MB). Data files are accessed from the CD-ROM when running PIRANHA. 

In order to verify that the adsorbed lipid membrane indeed forms a bilayer film, another experiment is conducted with an aim to detect the formation of a monolayer lipid. It starts with a piranha-cleaned micro-tube treated with silane to render its inner surface hydrophobic. POPC liposome is then injected into the microtube. It is known that POPC lipid will form a monolayer to such a surface by orienting their hydrophobic tails toward the hydrophobic wall. The experimental results using a mode with similar sensitivity as the previous experiment are shown in Fig. 8.39. The resonance shift in this case is 22 pm, which is about half of that observed for the adsorption of a lipid bilayer. These two experiments suggest that the microtube resonator is capable of accurately determining an adsorbed biomolecular layer down to a few nm thicknesses. 

Si wafers were either cleaned in Piranha solution, washed with deionized water and dried with Ar gas, or used without cleaning. The samples were then inserted into the high temperature tube furnace. Since SAN can form extremely fast, we believe that SAN existed in all samples. When the furnace temperature was set between 1035 and 1100°C, SiNW were formed. 

Effect of SAN. We also investigated the contribution of SAN to the growth of SiNW. In these experiments, extra Co left on the substrate after the synthesis of SAN was removed from the SAN samples by washing it in Piranha solution. The Co in those washed samples was in the form of almost pure CoSi2, as verified by XAS measurements (vide infra). These cleaned samples were then used to grow SiNW at 1100°C. It was found that moderate yields of SiNW were produced. 

Soak in fresh "piranha" soluhon (concentrated sulfuric acid hydro-gen peroxide, 2 1 v/v). 

The flrst selected example consists in electrodeposition carried out with gold plates, with typical dimensions 10 x 5 x 0.17 mm, as anodes and platinum wires as cathodes (Wang et al, 2002). The gold electrode was cleaned with piranha... 

You walk over to a tub of water in the corner of your office. You used to keep piranha in it, but years ago all the fish died. It was just too difficult getting sufficient food for them. You allowed them to cannibalize themselves until there was only one fish left, and, alas, he finally sue-... 

H2S0,/H202 (4 1), 120-150 °C SPM (Sulfuric acid, hydrogen Peroxide, DI water Mixture), often called Piranha Removal of organic carbon... 

After the mechanical pre-treatment, the electrode can be subjected to a chemical and/or electrochemical pre-treatement. Chemical treatment consists mainly of etching of a few layers of the metal, including possible contaminants. A well-known etching solution for gold is the so-called piranha solution. Other reported solutions are kali, which is a concentrated KOH solution to remove fats and oils and etch off a layer of platinum. 

Cleaning of SPR glass slides (optical grade SF2, refractive index 1.65, from UQG Optical Components). Sonicator (e.g., Lucas Dawe sonication bath) and different solutions hydrochloric acid/nitric acid 3 1 v/v (solution A) ammonium cerium nitrate (1M) (solution B) sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide 1 1 (Piranha solution) isopropanol. Use caution in handling these solutions harmful and corrosive. 

SV detection was also achieved to detect catecholamines on a PDMS-quartz chip. Pyrolyzed photoresist films (PPF) were used as planar carbon electrodes. Since the photoresist (AZ4330) must adhere on a substrate for pyrolysis at 1000°C, a quartz plate that could withstand high temperature was selected. The LOD of dopamine decreased from 160 nM to 100 nM when the PPF was treated by piranha solution (HjSOyHjOj). It was because such a treatment increased the surface oxygen/carbon ratio, and hence the oxidation kinetics of dopamine wave improved [765]. 

This is an important step as the surfaces are not always as well defined as the example shown in Fig. 2. Quartz is particularly troublesome, and thick gel layers often exist. For example, McDermott et al. [24] obtained a 85-A thick layer of inhomogeneous material, with a scattering length density intermediate between crystalline quartz and amorphous silicon, on the surface of crystalline quartz. On silicon < 111) a more reproducible oxide layer, in thickness and density, is generally achieved. However, in the past some variability in the hydrophilic nature and hence reproducibility of adsorption has been experienced. This was discussed in detail by Penfold et al. [25], who found that the mild piranha treatment produced a reproducible hydrophilic surface. Other treatments have also been found to be reliable and are discussed in more detail elsewhere [26]. Another important aspect that was discussed by Penfold et al. [25] and that is evident from a number of related studies is that the history of the surface and hence the experimental route can be of vital importance. 

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