Piping supports for

The hot section (Fig. 5) is controlled by a cascade loop which is based on a selected pumping rate (150 gpm) and sterilization temperature set in the TIC. Changes in the feed temperature are monitored at TTl which will automatically override the steam supply to keep the temperature at set point. Steam flow rate is monitored (by FE) and flow is automatically compensated should a large drawdown of steam occur elsewhere in the plant. Temperature is recorded at the beginning and end of the hot section. The hot section should be well insulated and special care should be given to the pipe supports for expansion. (Instrumentation symbols used here and in Figs. 3, 5, 6 and 7, conform to the standard symbols of the Instrument Society of America.)... 

The nozzle and the pipe support will share support of the overall line weight. Each will share the load in proportion to its respective stiffness. The procedure is to design the pipe support for the entire load, which is conseiva-tive. However, be aware that as the pipe support deflects, more of the load is transferred to the nozzle. 

Tujague [70] suggested specific improvements beyond what has been normal practice. These include providing an enclosure for the delivery vehicle, support for the unloading hose, and design of the piping supports for seismic zone four. 

Adju.st pipe supports for expansion and loading strains H H H... 

As a vessel is loaded, it moves downward because of deflection of the load cells and support stmcture. Pipes rigidly attached to a vessel restrict its free movement and assume some portion of the load that cannot be measured by the load cells. This is very detrimental to scale accuracy. Deflection of the load cell is unavoidable deflection of the vessel support stmcture should be minimized. Anything which increases vessel deflection, eg, mbber pads used for shock protection, must be avoided. The total number of pipes should be minimized and be of the smallest diameter, thinnest wall possible. Pipe mns to weigh vessels must be horizontal and the first pipe support should be as far as possible from the vessel. Alternatively, a section of mbber hose or flexible bellows should be used to make the final connection to the vessel. The scale should be caUbrated using weights, not by means of an electrical simulation method, which cannot account for the effects of the piping or test the correct functioning of the scale. 

Whenever a change in piping direction occurs, the elevation of the pipe mn should also change. If the main piperack is at an elevation of 4 m, then the lateral piping can either go up to 5 m or drop down to 3 m. The piperack can also provide the support for air coolers and other equipment such as elevated dmms. 

Though not specified in the code, supports for discharge piping from relief valves must be adequate to withstand the jet reaction produced by their discharge. 

FRP, plastics (polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, and other similar materials), and rubber are general use and are recommended for alum solutions. Care must be taken to provide adequate support for these piping systems, with close attention given to spans between supports so that objectionable deflection will not be experienced. The alum solution should be injected into a zone of rapid mixing or turbulent flow. 

Self-Supporting Stack - This type of unit is designed so that the flare riser pipe has no lateral strucmral support. For short flares, this type is the least expensive to erect and maintain. 

Platforms, caged ladders as well as relevant guides and supports for associated piping,... 

Supporting the hydrated ferric oxide chips is a combination of a perforated, heavy metal support plate and a coarse support packing material. This material may consist of scrap pipe thread protectors and 2-3-in. sections of small diameter pipe. This provides support for the bed, while offering some protection against detrimental pressure surges. 

Mechanical vibration of pipe is handled in the same manner as for reciprocating pumps (Volume 1, Chapter 12). Normally, if the pipe support spacing is kept short, the pipe is securely tied down, the support spans are not unifoiTn in length, and fluid pulsations have been adequately dampened, mechanical pipe vibrations will not be a problem. It is good practice to ensure that the natural frequency of all pipe spans is higher than the calculated pulsation frequency. The pulsation frequency is given by ... 

An unusual—and unnecessary—dead-end was a length of 2-in. pipe welded onto a process line to provide a support for an instrument (Figure 9-2). Water collected in the support. Four years after it had been installed, the process line corroded through, and a leak of liquefied gas occuired. 

Pipes, particularly small-bore pipes, often have failed by fatigue because their support was insufficient and tlie pipes were free to vibrate. On other occasions, pipes failed because their support was too rigid and tliey were not fi ee to expand. Supports for pipes usually are constructed on site, and often it is not apparent until start-up tliat tlie supports are inadequate. Even at tliis point, tlie necessary reinforcement may not be done because it is not considered a priority at start-up. 

Rohren-halter, m. tube (or pipe) holder, tube (or pipe) clamp, -kassie, /. pur ng cassia, -kleuune, /. tube clamp, -kiibler, m. tubular condenser, tube condenser tubular cooler, -libelle, /. spirit level, air level, -lot, n. pipe solder, -manna, /. flake manna, -nudeln, /.pi. macaroni, -ofen, m. tube furnace (for heating tubes liable to explosion) pipe still, -pulver, n. (Expl.) perforated powder, -struktur, /. tubular structure, -substanz, /. (Anat.) medullary substance, -trager, m. tube (or pipe) support, -wachs, n. petroleum ceresin. -werk, n. tubing piping tube mill, -wischer, m. tube brush, -wulst, n. tubular tore, doughnut , -zelle, /. tubular cell, specif. (Bot.) tracheid. 

Compressible fluid flow occurs between the two extremes of isothermal and adiabatic conditions. For adiabatic flow the temperature decreases (normally) for decreases in pressure, and the condition is represented by p V (k) = constant. Adiabatic flow is often assumed in short and well-insulated pipe, supporting the assumption that no heat is transferred to or from the pipe contents, except for the small heat generated by fricdon during flow. Isothermal pVa = constant temperature, and is the mechanism usually (not always) assumed for most process piping design. This is in reality close to actual conditions for many process and utility service applications. 

Figure 13-23 suggests recommended pulse level (peak-to-peak) pressure pulsations for acceptable pipe vibration. Figure 13-24 presents allowable machinery and pipe vibration at safe limits and damage levels, and Figure 13-25 presents allowable pressure pulsations for various pipe spans between rigid supports when a 5 mil peak-to-peak vibration is allowed at the center of the pipe spans for the pipe sizes noted. 

Figure 13-23. Recommended pulse level for acceptable pipe vibration (assumes adequate pipe support and anchors). (Used by permission Everett, W. S. Hydrocarbon Procession and Petroleum Refiner, V. 43, No. 8, p. 117, 1964. Gulf Publishing Company. All rights reserved.)...

Figure4.9 Standard pipe installations for water sluice valve up to 10 inches or 250 millimeter diameter. Notes (1) If a valve extension spindle is required, a galvanized centering support must be provided. (2) Flanged valves with appropriate adapters must be used. (3) Unless otherwise directed, pre-cast concrete units shall be bedded on well-compacted granular material Type A brought up from the base of the trench...

Design of vessel and vent line pipe supports is very important because very large forces can be encountered as soon as venting begins. Figure 4 shows the equations and nomenclature to calculate forces on pipe bends. The authors have heard of situations where vent line bends have been straightened, lines broken off, or vent catch tanks knocked off their foundations by excessive forces. For bends, the transient effects of the initial shock wave, the transition from vapor flow to two-phase flow, and steady state conditions should be considered. Transient conditions, however, are likely to be so rapid as to not have enough dura-... 

Various designs of pipe hangers and supports are used to support individual pipes. Details of typical supports can be found in the books by Perry et al. (1997) and Holmes (1973). Pipe supports frequently incorporate provision for thermal expansion. 

Provide adequate supports for equipment and pipes. Do not allow spring supports to be completely compressed. 

Layout spacings are also affected by other factors than safety. The space requirements of maintenance, repair works and proper performing of process operations has to be included into the process layout. Proper spacing around equipment is required to allow easy operation. Enough room should be provided for pipes, supports and foundations as well. 

Reaction forces and moments to be used in design of restraints and supports for a piping system, and in evaluating the effects of piping displacements on connected equipment, shall be based on the reaction range,... 

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