Piping overview

Heat exchangers used in gas production facilities are shell-and-tube, double-pipe, plate-and-frame, bath-type, forced-air, or direct-fired. In this chapter we will discuss the basic concepts for sizing and selecting heat exchangers. This is just a brief overview of this complex subject and is meant to provide the reader with a basis upon which to discuss specific sizing and selection details with heat exchange experts in engineering companies and with vendors. 

This article presents an overview of the causes and frequency of failures for submarine and cross-country pipelines handling oil and natural gas. It gives several tables and charts which include information on the type of pipeline, the cause of the failure, and the number of failures. Data from failures in the US and the North Sea are included. Failure rates based on the total length of piping are calculated. 

Wulpi provides an excellent overview of failure mechanisms for mechanical parts in his book Understanding How Components Fait.A The book contains a number of photographs that compare the different types of failures. It is a good reference for mechanical component failnres including shafts, tanks, piping, and boilers. 

To facilitate an overview and to consider the specific differences of textile fibers during pretreatment, dyeing, and finishing, the sections have been focused on the most important types of fibers wool, cotton, and synthetic fibers. Mixtures of fibers can be seen as systems combining problems of the single fiber types. In Section 8.3 end-of-pipe technologies have been summarized. 

First, divide the total pipe run into two parts, one upstream of the heat exchanger and one downstream. Take an overview of both pipe runs and summarize a general system pressure profile. 

The polymeric materials are used in (i) barrier applications (ii) self-supporting structures (tanks, piping, valves and pumps) (ii) column internals, seals, gaskets, adhesives and caulkings. An overview of polymeric materials used in corrosion control applications is given in Figure 4.8. 

Four appendixes are included. Appendix A contains standard materials selection used by many refiners and contractors in petroleum processing equipment. Appendix B contains a rules of thumb overview of refinery materials of construction. Appendix C contains background information on hydrogen diffusion through vessel walls, and Appendix D contains a standard specification for steel line pipe. 

An overview is presented on current stabilisers for cables, foamed sheets and profdes, PVC pipes and fittings and profiles, which shows that lead is the most used stabiliser but, like tin, is under pressure in some European countries. Stabiliser systems based on calcium and zinc are considered to be the stabiliser systems of the future. 

In all but extreme climates, the upper portion of the soil profile is extensively occupied by plant roots, which remove both water and mineral nutrients. Plants and other biota (such as insects and small mammals) create extensive networks of voids often referred to as macropores, which result in a heterogeneous, biporous (i.e., there are two porosity values, for micro- and macropores), and structurally very complex material. Macropores (and pipes, which are larger, continuous macropores) can play a significant role in water transport, although the exact role of flow through macropores versus flow through the rest of the soil matrix is not completely understood. For an overview of the types and mechanisms of formation of macropores, the reader is referred to Beven and Germann (1982). 

PID The Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P ID) shows in detail all the equipment, how it is connected with piping, where and what type of instrumentation and valves are used, the location of temperature, pressure, level and flow controllers (and indicators). Further it will show all the safety devices and alarms. The PI Ds give a comprehensive overview over the plant or the unit and it is a common document for mechanical, process, and instrumentation engineers in the downstream activities [851]. 

Figure 6.1. Overview of the Bear Creek Uranium tailings site, looking toward the south. The white buildings on the left, now demolished, indicate where the uranium mill operated from the 1970s to the mid-1980s. Spent acids and tailings slurries were piped to tailings ponds behind the tailings dams. This site has now been reclaimed.

Figure 8. Overview of light-pipe microabsorption cell with sliding cover off...

G. P. Peterson, An Overview of Micro Heat Pipe Research, Applied Mechanics Review (45/5) 175-189,1992. 

A comprehensive overview of cells and sample illumination methods in Raman spectroscopy is given in [29]. Rectangular cells, spherical cells, NMR tubes or light pipes may be used. The most popular arrangements for sample illumination are shown in Fig. 6.11. 

Several accelerated long-term tests for assessing the stress-cracking resistance (ESC) to be less time consuming than conventional creep tests were developed such as the full notch creep test (FNCT) as one of the most important methods using notched specimens (an overview about accelerated methods is given in Chapter 4.7, Stress Cracking Resistance )- Moreover a couple of methods for components or semi-finished products (such as plastic pipes) are available where the full-scale pipe test and small-scale steady state test (S4 Test) are the most used ones. 

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