Pipes, underwater

Fig. 3. Commercial aerating systems. Diffused aerators utilizing (a), (b) pipes, (c) a sparger, and (d) underwater air-supply tubes (e) a mechanical aerator (f)...

Another loading condition in underwater applications is the application of external hydrostatic stress to plastic structures (also steel, etc.). Internal pressure applications such as those encountered in pipe and... 

Wafer flowing at 1500 cm3/s in a 50 mm diameter pipe is metered by means of a simple orifice of diameter 25 nnn. If the coefficient of discharge of the meter is 0.62, what will be the reading on a mercury-underwater manometer connected to the meter ... 

Vapor flow through pipes is modeled using two special cases adiabatic and isothermal behavior. The adiabatic case corresponds to rapid vapor flow through an insulated pipe. The isothermal case corresponds to flow through an uninsulated pipe maintained at a constant temperature an underwater pipeline is an excellent example. Real vapor flows behave somewhere between the adiabatic and isothermal cases. Unfortunately, the real case is difficult to model and no generalized and useful equations are available. 

The tracer pipeline leak testing, which is similar to the tracer tank leak testing, is effective for locating leaks in all types of pipeline installations, including pipe buried under pavement, airline runways, buildings, or underwater. Where leaks are known to exist, the tracer leak test is effective in determining their location without expensive excavation. 

A small crack develops in an underwater pipe that carries oil from an offshore drilling rig to a holding tank on land. Crude oil seeps out of the crack and into the ocean, where marine plants and animals are exposed to its toxic effects. 

Inside Circular Cutters. These units consist of a 360° shaped charge expl, contained in a hermetically sealed, either rigid or inflatable housing, and are used for severing underwater piling, pipe, caisson, etc (Fig 2)... 

Special equipment has been developed to produce 5 m long flotation sections encasing underwater pipes, using epoxy syntactic foam 46-177). Depending on the pipe size, two or four flotation sections are required, held in place by steel bands. The system is currently used for mediterranean oil exploration a similar system was developed for North Sea oil exploration, allowing the rig to operate at ocean depths of 450 m. 

Several possible applications of concrete-polymer material includes sewer and pressure pipe, building material for housing, underwater structures, railroad ties, and chemically resistant material of construction for large desalination plants. The incorporation of colored dyes with the monomer allows concrete-polymer material to be considered for various esthetic applications, such as in decorative wall and floor tile. 

Underground pipelines with maximum 48 inch pipe diameter is in the range 24 underwater pipelines the pressure is higher or equal to 115 bar. 

According to the regulation the import from Algeria are formed by 2 lines with a 48/42-inch diameter, each approximately 1,500-kilometer long, including the smaller pipes that cross underwater the Messina strait. 

The flow of water through a 50 mm pipe is measured by means of an orifice meter with a 40 mm aperture. The pressure drop recorded is 150 mm on a mercury-underwater manometer and the coefficient of discharge of the meter is 0.6. What is the Reynolds number in the pipe and what would the pressure drop over a 30 m length of the pipe be expected to be Friction factor, [Pg.86]

Underwater Detonation Propagation Test Using VP-50 Pipe... 

To investigate the detonation propagation features of the propellant underwater by filling the propellant with a VP pipe having an inner diameter of 50mm and immersing it in water. 

Result and Discussion of Underwater Test Using VP—50 Pipe The samples used were similar to those used in the in—sand test and shown in Fig. 5.49. The test was carried out in a test pond of Taketoyo Works of Nippon Oils Fats. The pond is 36m in diameter, with the deepest part being 10m in diameter and 8m deep. The explosion was set at a depth of 4m. When VP—50 pipe was used for the sample container, the measurement of shock wave strength and the frequency of expansion/contraction of the explosion bubble was made at lm and 3.5m distances. The shock wave was measured with a tall marine gauge. The recording of the shock wave... 

Results and Discussion of the Underwater Test Using 50/60 Steel Pipe... 

Comparison of test methods — ballistic mortar, ballistic pendulum, under—sand explosion, and underwater explosion (PCV and steel pipe)... 

Products reviewed range from toys to medical devices to cars to boats to underwater devices to containers to springs to pipes to buildings to aircraft to spacecraft and so on. The reader s product to be designed and/or fabricated can directly or indirectly be related to plastic materials, fabricating processes, and/or product design reviews in the book. 

Bubble barrier - A method for containing oil consisting of an underwater air delivery system that creates a curtain of rising bubbles that deflects the oil. The system has been used with some success in relatively calm areas, such as harbours. The system requires considerable maintenance when the submerged perforated pipes used to produce the bubble curtain become covered with redistributed bottom silt. 

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