Pigment production plant

Titanium raw-material utilization can be broken down as illustrated in Figure 9. About 4% of the titanium mined is used as metal, 94% is used as pigment-grade Ti02, and 2% as ore-grade mtile for fluxes and ceramics. In 1995, the estimated U.S. Ti02 pigment production was valued at 2.6 biUion and was produced by five companies at 11 plants in nine states. About 47% was used in paint, 18% in plastics, 24% in paper, and 18% in other misceUaneous appHcations (56). 

The production of several different products requires strict batch identity and thorough cleaning of eqmpment between batches. This is a situation existing in many small color-pigment-diying plants. 

Natural pigment production for food coloration includes the entire spectrum of biotechnologies. For example, biological production of carotenoid pigments has medical implications because carotenoids are nutritive (pro-vitamin A), antioxidant, and photoprotective. Carotenoids are produced alternately in agricultural systems (plants), industrial bioreactors (bacterial and fungi), and marine systems (cyanobacteria and algae). 

Dichlorobenzidine does not naturally oceur in the environment (lARC 1982a). 3,3 -Diehlorobenzidine was not detected in ambient air of two dyestuff produetion plants at detection limits of 5 (Narang et al. 1982) and 0.1 ng/m (Riggin et al. 1983). More reeent data on occupational exposure levels indieate the presence of levels 0.6-2.5 g/m in 3,3 -diehlorobenzidine production and pigment manufaeturing plants in Germany (DCMA 1989). 

Within a plant, equipment is often organized in production lines. Variants of the product family produced by a plant are clustered and assigned to different lines to reduce the complexity of changeovers (e.g., pigments production lines for different color shades within a family of chemically similar pigments). The organization of equipment below the level of production lines is not relevant in the context of production network design (Packowski (1996, pp. 129-131) provides more details on the subject). 

Catechol melanin, a black pigment of plants, is a polymeric product formed by the oxidative polymerization of catechol. The formation route of catechol melanin (Eq. 5) is described as follows [33-37] At first, 3-(3, 4 -dihydroxyphe-nyl)-L-alanine (DOPA) is derived from tyrosine. It is oxidized to dopaquinone and forms dopachrome. 5,6-Dihydroxyindole is formed, accompanied by the elimination of C02. The oxidative coupling polymerization produces a melanin polymer whose primary structure contains 4,7-conjugated indole units, which exist as a three-dimensional irregular polymer similar to lignin. Multistep oxidation reactions and coupling reactions in the formation of catechol melanin are catalyzed by a copper enzyme such as tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is an oxidase con-... 

Reactor 23 [R 23] Micro Structured Reactor Plant for Pigment Production... 

Nonetheless, there are running plants at laboratory and pilot-scale levels at institutes/universities and industry where process control is already exerted. Usually this is done in a rather conventional fashion, e.g. using commercial pressure hold valves and temperature determination at the in- and outlets and process-specific concentration monitoring outside the micro reactor. For example, an analysis of the redox potential was used for process monitoring for continuous azo pigment production at Clariant (see Figure 4.68) [99],... 

This landmark publication was the first of a flurry of research papers on the linkage between the inheritance of genetic factors and the production of the pigments, the antho-cyanins. Her research culminated in the writing of the classic monograph, The Anthocyanin Pigments of Plants.111 In the preface of the monograph, she commented ... 

White pigments based on zinc sulfide were first developed and patented in 1850 in France. Although they are still of economic importance, they have continually lost market volume since the early 1950s when titanium dioxide was introduced. Only one modem production installation for zinc sulfide pigments still exists in the western hemisphere (Sachtleben Chemie, Germany). All other production plants are located in China. 

Gao WY, Fan L, Paek KY (2000) Yellow and red pigment production by cell cultures of Carthamus tinctorius in a bioreactor. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 60 95-100. 

Successful commercialisation of the formation of the secondary compounds by plant cell cultures has been achieved by the production of shikonin pigments from plant cell cultures of Lithospermun erythrorhizon S. Hwang by Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Ltd. Several studies have investigated factors influencing shikonin production in cultured cells. For example, studies were conducted with a BK-39 callus culture of Lithospermun erythrorhizon, which produced seven shikonin derivatives. Selected BK-39 cultures produced almost the same profile of shikonin naphthoquinones as the initial culture [352]. 

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