Pigment additives applications

Although pictographs and petroglyphs have withstood hundreds, perhaps thousands of years of exposure, modem pollutants and vandalism, coupled with natural elements, have accelerated their destruction. Recently, scientists have used microscopic mineral sampling to measure the types of chemical elements found in picto-graph pigments. Additionally, studies have included the use of diversional watersheds, shelters, and application of protective adhesives to prevent rock art erosion. The continuing study of chemical compositions and rates of panel decay could one day lead to the discovery of a proper means by which to preserve these features indefinitely. 

This section does not cover the topic of coatings and finishes. These finishes are usually highly formulated and are applied as multiple-pass coatings which include special primers and intermediate layers. They may include pigments, additives, other resins, and more than one fluoropolymer. The main applications of fluoropolymer finishes are in cookware and industrial anticorrosion and high-temperature uses. A separate volume, Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes, a Plastics Design Library (PDL) volume in the Fluorine Handbook Series published by William Andrew, Inc., covers the topic. 

Absorb radiation efficiently. Avoid contaminants, pigments, additives, or resinous materials which compete for the available radiation. Choose a photoinitiator which has the optimum balance of extinction coefficients for the given application. In pigmented systems, choose photoinitiators which absorb strongly at wavelengths where the pigment absorbs weakly. In many cases, a blend of two photoinitiators will make better use of the available radiation, as will be discussed later. 

Base polymer Additive (%) Colour index pigment Recommended applications... 

For corrosion-protective purposes, the most important components of a coating are the binder and the anticorrosion pigment. Additives are necessary for the manufacture, application, and cure of a coating however, with the exception of corrosion inhibitors, they play a relatively minor role in corrosion protection. 

Claiiant Huningue, France, Division Pigments Additives, various functions in Research, Product Development and Product Application of Polymer Additives... 

Theie aie several additional factors that must be considered in selecting pigments for a specific coating application (40). These factors include processing stabihty requirements, pigment uniformity and reproducibiUty, particle size distribution, dispersibiUty, and compatibiUty of all materials to be used. 

The system shown is heavily used in food processing applications such as milk or chocolate crumb production, sugar substitutes, modified starch, and alginates. In addition to food processing applications, such a system is used in the processing of heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals, polymer suspensions like latex, in processing pigments and dyestuffs, and pesticides. 

Paints are complex formulations of polymeric binders with additives including anti-corrosion pigments, colors, plasticizers, ultraviolet absorbers, flame-retardant chemicals, etc. Almost all binders are organic materials such as resins based on epoxy, polyurethanes, alkyds, esters, chlorinated rubber and acrylics. The common inorganic binder is the silicate used in inorganic zinc silicate primer for steel. Specific formulations are available for application to aluminum and for galvanized steel substrates. 

Some elements come in and out of fashion, so to speak. Sixty years ago, elemental silicon was a chemical curiosity. Today, ultrapure silicon has become the basis for the multibillion-dollar semiconductor industry. Lead, on the other hand, is an element moving in the other direction. A generation ago it was widely used to make paint pigments, plumbing connections, and gasoline additives. Today, because of the toxicity of lead compounds, all of these applications have been banned in the United States. 

---