Physiology, biomechanical

BIOLOGICAL/Physiology, Biomechanics, Ergonomics (Astrand and Rodahl 1977 Grandjean, 1980 Tichauer, 1978)... 

Knapik, J. J., Harman, E. and Reynolds, K. (1996), Load carriage using packs A review of physiological, biomechanical and medical aspects j Applied Ergonomics, 27,3,207-16. 

Knapik J, Loads carried by soldiers Historical Physiological, Biomechanical and Medical Aspects, TECHNICAL REPORT T19/89, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Exercise Physiology Division, Natick, MA 017M0-5007, June 1989. 

Faria, I., and Cavanaugh, P. (1978). The Physiology and Biomechanics ol Cycling. New York Wiley. 

In the normal healthy IVD, the cells not only produce matrix macromolecules and growth factors, they also produce a myriad of proteases [26, 27]. Included in this list of proteases are the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanolytic members of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif family (ADAMTS) as well as their respective inhibitors. It is the maintenance of this critical balance that results in a healthy IVD ECM that is subsequently well adapted for its physiologic and biomechanical function. 

Gross, D. and Williams, W.S. (1982) Streaming potential and the electromechanical response of physiologically-moist bone. Journal of Biomechanics 15, 277-295... 

The brain has briefly been examined from a multiscale perspective. Imielinska et al. [271], in order to determine trauma injury to the brain under a ballistic impact or blast to the head, developed a multiscale high fidelity biomechanical and physiologically-based modeling tools. They employed their methodology on pigs, and hence, understanding of the human brain is still to be done. 

For mechanistic physiologists, two key conclusions arise from these studies of scombroid evolutionary physiology. Firstly, the biomechanical (i.e., anatomical), physiological, and biochemical characters contributing to defining performance capacities were coordinately adjusted toward an upper threshold during the expan-... 

DeLeo J A, Winkelstein B A (2002). Physiology of chronic spinal pain syndromes From animal models to biomechanics. Spine. 27 2526-2537. 

Biomechanics considers safety and health implications of mechanics, or the study of the action of forces, for the human body (its anatomical and physiological properties) in motion (at work) and at rest Mechanics, which is based on Newtonian physics, consists of two main areas statics or the study of the human body at rest or in equilibrium, and dynamics or the study of the human body in motion. Dynamics is further subdivided into two main parts, kinematics and kinetics. Kinematics is concerned with the geometry of motion, including the relationships among displacements, velocities, and accelerations in both translational and rotational movements, without regard to the forces involved. Kinetics, on the other hand, is concerned with forces that act to produce the movements. 

Workers who perform heavy physical work are subjected not only to forces and stresses from the immediate physical environment but also to mechanical forces generated from within the body. As a result of these forces and stresses, a strain is produced on the worker s musculoskeletal system as well as on other systems such as the cardiopulmonary system. One of the most important issues in the apphcation of ergonomics to work design is to reduce the stresses imposed on the musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary systems (Ayoub and Mital 1989). Several approaches have been used by different investigators to estabhsh safe handling limits, including the psychophysical approach, the physiological approach, and the biomechanical approach. 

Weight limited by biomechanical design criterion (3930 N spinal compression for males, 2689 N for females). Weight limited by physiological design criterion (4 kcal/min for males, 3 kcal/min for females). 

The roles of other task variables have not been clearly established epidemiologically therefore, one has to rely on biomechanical and physiological principles to expltiin their relationship to upper-extremity disorders, if any. 

FIGURE 4.2.8 Isometric elastic properties of heart muscle for the 10kg dog during systole. (From Johnson, A.T., Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology Quantitative Modeling, CRC Press/Taylor Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2007. With permission.)... 

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