Physical properties of bismuth

Current world production of bismuth is estimated at about 5500 tons per year. The estimated world productions in 1980 and 1996 are shown in Table 1.1. The joint US Bureau of Mines/Geological Survey study in 1992 estimated the economic reserves of bismuth at 107 000 tons (48% in Asia/Australia, 37% in USA, and 15% in Europe). 

The USA and Japan together represent almost half of the world consumer demand. The details of the US and Japanese consumption of bismuth in 1996 are shown in Table 1.2. The US domestic consumption, exports and imports statistics in 1997-1998 is shown in Table 1.3. 

The electrical resistance of solid bismuth is greater than that of liquid bismuth, the ratio of liquid to solid resistivity being approximately 0.5-0.8 for most metals this ratio is 2.0. The linear dependence of resistivity on temperature does not hold for temperatures below 10 K. High thermoelectric effects are produced when bismuth is coupled with certain other metals. Of all metals, it is the most diamagnetic and the increase in resistivity in a magnetic 

Electrochemical equivalent Bi (mg/coulomb) Atomic volume (cm /g-atom) 0.43316 

Thermal neutron absorption cross section (bam/atom) 0.034 

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The physical properties of bismuth, summarized ia Table 1, are characterized by a low melting poiat, a high density, and expansion on solidification. Thermochemical and thermodynamic data are summarized ia Table 2. The soHd metal floats on the Hquid metal as ice floating on water. GaUium and antimony are the only other metals that expand on solidification. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of the metals, and it is a poor electrical conductor. The thermal conductivity of bismuth is lower than that of any other metal except mercury. 

Bismuth properties. The physical properties of bismuth are listed in Table 23-1. 

Table 23-1 summarizes the physical properties of bismuth which are rele ant to nuclear reactor design and in the temperature range of practical interest from the standpoint of electrical power generation [5,6]. 

Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth Table 13.4 Some physical properties of Group 15 elements... 

T ble 13.6 Some physical properties of the trihalides of arsenic, antimony and bismuth... 

The phase transiton from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state, most characteristic for the SbSI type compounds, has been extensively studied for SbSI, because of its importance with respect to the physical properties of this compound (e.g., J53, 173-177, 184, 257). The first-order transition is accompanied by a small shift of the atomic parameters and loss of the center of symmetry, and is most probably of a displacement nature. The true structure of Sb4S5Cl2 106), Bi4S5Cl2 194), and SbTel 108,403) is still unknown. In contrast to the sulfides and selenides of bismuth, BiTeBr 108) and BiTel (JOS, 390) exhibit a layer structure similar to that of the Cdl2 structure, if the difference between Te, Br, and I (see Fig. 36) is ignored. 

Some Physical Properties of Antimony and Bismuth Chalcogenide Halides... 

Bismuthonium ylides, 4 34 Bismuth(III) oxide, 4 23-24 Bismuth oxide(l l), 4 23 Bismuth oxide(l 2), 4 23 Bismuth oxide(2 4), 4 23 Bismuth oxide(3 5), 4 23 Bismuth oxide(4 9), 4 23 Bismuth oxide halides, 4 23 Bismuth oxides, 4 23-24 Bismuth oxybromide, 4 23 Bismuth oxychloride, 4 23 physical properties of, 4 20t pigment used in makeups, 7 836t Bismuth oxyfluoride, 4 23 Bismuth oxyiodide, 4 23 Bismuth pentafluoride, 4 22 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth phosphate, 4 25... 

Bismuth salts, 4 25 Bismuth sesquisulfide, 4 24 Bismuth subcarbonate, 4 36 Bismuth subgallate, 4 36 Bismuth subhalides, 4 19 Bismuth subnitrate, 4 36 Bismuth subsalicylate, 4 1, 36 medical applications of, 22 11-12 Bismuth(III) sulfate, 4 25 Bismuth(III) sulfide, 4 24 Bismuth sulfides, 4 24-25 Bismuth thiolates, 4 25 Bismuth-tin alloy waterfowl shot, 4 15 Bismuth triacetate, 4 25 Bismuth tribromide, 4 21 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trichloride, 4 19-20 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trifluoride, 4 19 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trihalides, 4 19 Bismuth triiodide, 4 21-22 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trinitrate pentahydrate, 4 25 Bismuth trioxide, 4 23-24 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth triperchlorate pentahydrate, 4 25... 

Bismuth triselenide, 4 24 Bismuth trisulfate, 4 25 Bismuth trisulfide, physical properties of, 4 20t... 

Bismuth tritelluride, 4 24 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trithiocyanate, 4 25 Bismuth Vanadate Yellow, 19 405-406 pigment for plastics, 7 370t Bismuthyl carbonate hemihydrate, 4 25 Bismuthyl nitrate hemihydrate, 4 25 Bismuthyl nitrite hemihydrate, 4 25 Bis(lV-maleimidomethyl) ether (BME), hemoglobin modifier, 4 113 Bisoprolol fumarate, molecular formula and structure, 5 156t Bis(pentafluorophenyl)borane, 13 638 Bis(pentafluorophenyl)tri-4-tolylbismuth, 4 35... 

We may now consider the most basic form of the relationship between lattice properties and one of the most important physical properties of the bismuthates, the superconducting Tc, as derived from the theories of Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer ... 

The physical properties of the metal (Table II) resemble those of thallium, lead and bismuth, its neighbors in the Periodic Table, rather than those of tellurium, its lower homologue. The low melting and boiling points are particularly noteworthy an attempted study of the Hall effect in polonium metal has also been reported (90). In chemical properties the metal is very similar to tellurium, the most striking resemblance being in its reactions with concentrated sulfuric acid (or sulfur trioxide) and with concentrated selenic acid. The products are the bright red solids, PoSOs and... 

Thallium, bismuth, and lead based HTSCs are relatively degradation-resistant and are therefore convenient systems for conducting electrochemical changes in the oxygen stoichiometry. At the same time, physical properties of these materials are less exactly related to 6 because of the more complicated phase compositions of the corresponding systems. The electrochemical treatment of Bi-Pb cuprates in nitrate melts [297] makes it possible to vary 8 within the region of 0.1. 

The physical properties of triorganylbismuthine oxides have not been examined quite so extensively. Goel et al. claim that triphenylbismuthine oxide has a five-coordinated bismuth center with a polymeric structure involving -Bi-O-Bi- units [72JOM(36)323]. 

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