Bismuth chalcogenides

Some Physical Properties of Antimony and Bismuth Chalcogenide Halides... 

Bhattacharya, R. N. Pramanik, P. 1982. Semiconductor liquid junction solar cell based on chemically deposited Bi2S3 thin film and some semiconducting properties of bismuth chalcogenides. J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 332-335. 

Bismuth nitrate together with sodium sulphide and tellurium oxide have been used to grow bismuth chalcogenide films.162-166 The stoichiometric ratio 2 3 has been confirmed by XPS, EDX, and XRD.162-166 The Bi2Te3 films were rough and consisted of particles with a diameter of 30-100nm, and electron probe microanalysis showed a worm-like network structure.164-166... 

TABLE 1. Standard Heats of Formation of Antimony and Bismuth Chalcogenides... 

An x-ray diffraction investigation of sublimates of the three bismuth chalcogenides has indicated the presence of considerable amounts of Me2X3 compounds, which also supports the proposed evaporation scheme. 

Kramer, V. Reis, I. (1986). Lead indium bismuth chalcogenides. II. Structure of Pb4ln3Bi7S. g , Acta Cryst. C42, 249-251. 

The rare earth bismuth chalcogenides are quite different from the other systems, and really belong in a separate category. Where structures have been resolved, these are found to be valence-precise compounds containing formally Bi " " and are expected to be semiconductors. 

Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth Table 13.10 Some properties of Group 15 chalcogenides M2X3... 

Although arsenic is a nonmetal, the chalcogenide halides of this element bear a strong relationship to the antimony and bismuth systems, and will therefore be treated separately. 

Chalcogenide halides of antimony and bismuth have been known since the end of the last century, mainly through contributions by Ouvrard and Schneider. With the exception of BiSeCl, only thiohalides were reported. The early work is summarized in (147) (Sb, before 1948) and (148) (Bi, before 1927), and it will only occasionally be dealt with. Beyond that, these materials had not found much interest. 

In the early 1950s, in a systematic study, Donges (106-108) discovered most of the chalcogenide halides of antimony and bismuth that are known today, and then solved their structures. 

The chalcogenide halides of antimony and bismuth are stable in air, and do not dissolve in H O or diluted acids. Their colors, mainly referring to single-crystal needles, are given in Tables XXIII and XXIV. 

The binary chalcogenides of antimony and bismuth are highly colored compounds that are readily prepared by direct reaction of the elements at 500-900 C. They have rather complex ribbon or layer structures and exhibit semiconductor properties. 

The 8-N rule states that the number of bonds (or local coordination, x) equals 8 minus the number of the periodic group. This rule is illustrated in Fig. 1.2 where we see that for N — 7 the halogens take dimeric structure types with x = 1, for N = 6 the chalcogenides selenium and tellurium take helical chain structures with x = 2, for N = 5 the pnictides arsenic, antimony, and bismuth take a puckered layer structure with x = 3, and for N = 4 the semiconductors... 

CHALCOGENIDE HALIDES OF COPPER, GOLD, MERCURY, ANTIMONY, AND BISMUTH... 

Both reactive and nonreactive molten salts can be used in nontopochemical routes. An example of a nontopochemical route to inorganic materials utilizing reactive molten salts is when a metallic element is reduced in a low-melting alkali metal polychalcogenide (hiQn, where Q = O, S, Se, Te) to form a ternary metal chalcogenide. Potassium bismuth sulfide (KBi3Ss) has been prepared in... 

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