Bismuth physical properties

Solders. In spite of the wide use and development of solders for millennia, as of the mid-1990s most principal solders are lead- or tin-based alloys to which a small amount of silver, zinc, antimony, bismuth, and indium or a combination thereof are added. The principal criterion for choosing a certain solder is its melting characteristics, ie, soHdus and Hquidus temperatures and the temperature spread or pasty range between them. Other criteria are mechanical properties such as strength and creep resistance, physical properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. 

The physical properties of bismuth, summarized ia Table 1, are characterized by a low melting poiat, a high density, and expansion on solidification. Thermochemical and thermodynamic data are summarized ia Table 2. The soHd metal floats on the Hquid metal as ice floating on water. GaUium and antimony are the only other metals that expand on solidification. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of the metals, and it is a poor electrical conductor. The thermal conductivity of bismuth is lower than that of any other metal except mercury. 

Radiopaque materials are used to determine the location of aspirated dentures and fragments (205,206). Opacifying additives include barium sulfate, barium fluoride, barium or bismuth glasses, and brominated organic monomers and polymers. The incorporation of these additives into the resin base or tooth can adversely affect physical properties. Radiopaque materials meeting the requirement for ANSI/ADA specifications for denture-base polymer have been described (207). 

Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth Table 13.4 Some physical properties of Group 15 elements... 

T ble 13.6 Some physical properties of the trihalides of arsenic, antimony and bismuth... 

The phase transiton from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state, most characteristic for the SbSI type compounds, has been extensively studied for SbSI, because of its importance with respect to the physical properties of this compound (e.g., J53, 173-177, 184, 257). The first-order transition is accompanied by a small shift of the atomic parameters and loss of the center of symmetry, and is most probably of a displacement nature. The true structure of Sb4S5Cl2 106), Bi4S5Cl2 194), and SbTel 108,403) is still unknown. In contrast to the sulfides and selenides of bismuth, BiTeBr 108) and BiTel (JOS, 390) exhibit a layer structure similar to that of the Cdl2 structure, if the difference between Te, Br, and I (see Fig. 36) is ignored. 

Some Physical Properties of Antimony and Bismuth Chalcogenide Halides... 

Bismuthonium ylides, 4 34 Bismuth(III) oxide, 4 23-24 Bismuth oxide(l l), 4 23 Bismuth oxide(l 2), 4 23 Bismuth oxide(2 4), 4 23 Bismuth oxide(3 5), 4 23 Bismuth oxide(4 9), 4 23 Bismuth oxide halides, 4 23 Bismuth oxides, 4 23-24 Bismuth oxybromide, 4 23 Bismuth oxychloride, 4 23 physical properties of, 4 20t pigment used in makeups, 7 836t Bismuth oxyfluoride, 4 23 Bismuth oxyiodide, 4 23 Bismuth pentafluoride, 4 22 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth phosphate, 4 25... 

Bismuth salts, 4 25 Bismuth sesquisulfide, 4 24 Bismuth subcarbonate, 4 36 Bismuth subgallate, 4 36 Bismuth subhalides, 4 19 Bismuth subnitrate, 4 36 Bismuth subsalicylate, 4 1, 36 medical applications of, 22 11-12 Bismuth(III) sulfate, 4 25 Bismuth(III) sulfide, 4 24 Bismuth sulfides, 4 24-25 Bismuth thiolates, 4 25 Bismuth-tin alloy waterfowl shot, 4 15 Bismuth triacetate, 4 25 Bismuth tribromide, 4 21 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trichloride, 4 19-20 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trifluoride, 4 19 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trihalides, 4 19 Bismuth triiodide, 4 21-22 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trinitrate pentahydrate, 4 25 Bismuth trioxide, 4 23-24 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth triperchlorate pentahydrate, 4 25... 

Bismuth triselenide, 4 24 Bismuth trisulfate, 4 25 Bismuth trisulfide, physical properties of, 4 20t... 

Bismuth tritelluride, 4 24 physical properties of, 4 20t Bismuth trithiocyanate, 4 25 Bismuth Vanadate Yellow, 19 405-406 pigment for plastics, 7 370t Bismuthyl carbonate hemihydrate, 4 25 Bismuthyl nitrate hemihydrate, 4 25 Bismuthyl nitrite hemihydrate, 4 25 Bis(lV-maleimidomethyl) ether (BME), hemoglobin modifier, 4 113 Bisoprolol fumarate, molecular formula and structure, 5 156t Bis(pentafluorophenyl)borane, 13 638 Bis(pentafluorophenyl)tri-4-tolylbismuth, 4 35... 

Inorganic bismuth compounds, 4 17—26 Inorganic bromamines, 13 101—104 Inorganic bromine compounds, 4 318-339 Inorganic cellulose esters, 5 394-412 physical properties, 5 402 103 preparation, 5 396-402 uses of, 5 402 08... 

Balazs, G. Breunig, H. J. Supramolecular Interactions in Structures of Organic Antimony and Bismuth Compounds. In Unusual Stuctures and Physical Properties in Organometallic Chemistry Gielen, M., Willem, R., Wrackmeyer, B., Eds. Wiley Chichester, 2002 pp 387-111. 

We may now consider the most basic form of the relationship between lattice properties and one of the most important physical properties of the bismuthates, the superconducting Tc, as derived from the theories of Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer ... 

The physical properties of the metal (Table II) resemble those of thallium, lead and bismuth, its neighbors in the Periodic Table, rather than those of tellurium, its lower homologue. The low melting and boiling points are particularly noteworthy an attempted study of the Hall effect in polonium metal has also been reported (90). In chemical properties the metal is very similar to tellurium, the most striking resemblance being in its reactions with concentrated sulfuric acid (or sulfur trioxide) and with concentrated selenic acid. The products are the bright red solids, PoSOs and... 

The physical properties of some bismuth complexes containing Si, Ge and Sn ligands are listed in Table 23. 

Refs. [i] http /lwww.seca.doe.gov [ii] http //www.spice.or.jp/ fisher/ sofc.html descript [iii] http //www.pg.siemens.com/en/fuelcells/sofc/ tubular/index.cfm [iv] Weissbart J, Ruka R (1962) J Electrochem Soc 109 723 [v] Park S, Vohs JM, Gorte RJ (2000) Nature 404 265 [vi] Liou J, Liou P, Sheu T (1999) Physical properties and crystal chemistry of bismuth oxide solid solution. In Processing and characterization of electrochemical materials and devices. Proc Symp Ceram Trans 109, Indianapolis, pp 3-10 [vii] Singhal SC (2000) MRS Bull 25 16 [viii] Matsuzaki Y, Yasuda I (2001) J Electrochem Soc 148 A126 [ix] Ralph JM, Kilner JA, Steele BCH (1999) Improving Gd-doped ceria electrolytes for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells. In New Materials for batteries and fuel cells. Proc Symp San Francisco, pp 309-314... 

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