Physical properties minerals

This is the first monograph that was devoted to structure, chemistry and use of zeolites. It reviews zeolite synthesis to 1973, gives a detailed structural description of synthetic and mineral zeolites, illustrates their physical properties and describes applications. 

Physical properties. Majority are liquids except p toluidine and 1- and 2-naphthylamine. All are colourless when pure, but rapidly darken on exposure to air and light. All are very sparingly soluble in water, but dissolve readily in dilute mineral acids (except the naphthyl-amines, which are only moderately soluble in adds). They form colourless crystalline salts e.g., CjHjNH2,HCl) which are soluble in water these aqueous solutions usually have an add reaction owing to hydrolysis, and give the reactions of both the amine and the acid from which they are derived. Addition of alkali to the acid solution liberates the amine. 

Physical Properties, (i) Aromatic. Colourless when freshly prepared, but usually brown. MonomethylaniUne, CgHjNHCH, b.p. 193°, and monoethylaniline, CgHjNHCjHj, b.p. 206 , diphenylamine,(C6H5)2NH, m.p. 54 , are all insoluble in water, the two alkylanilines having well-marked basic properties, diphenylamine being feebly basic and insoluble in dilute mineral acids. 

Physical Properties, Colourless solid when pure, usually pale brown. Sparingly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water soluble also in cold mineral acids and caustic alkalis. Dissolves readily in cold alcohol, and solution possesses a faint blue fluorescence. 

Physical Properties. Colourless crystalline solid, soluble in boiling water, very sparingly soluble in cold water crystallises 2H2O. The strongly acidic — SO3H group suppresses the normal basic properties of the — NHj group the acid therefore dissolves readily in alkalis, but not in dilute mineral acids. 

The element has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is relatively stable in air at room temperature, and is readily attacked and dissolved, with the evolution of hydrogen, but dilute and concentrated mineral acids. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. 

Anhydrous aluminum triduotide, A1F., is a white crystalline soHd. Physical properties are Hsted ia Table 2. Aluminum duotide is spatingly soluble ia water (0.4%) and iasoluble ia dilute mineral acids as well as organic acids at ambient temperatures, but when heated with concentrated sulfuric acid, HF is hberated, and with strong alkah solutions, aluminates are formed. A1F. is slowly attacked by fused alkahes with the formation of soluble metal duotides and aluminate. A series of double salts with the duotides of many metals and with ammonium ion can be made by precipitation or by soHd-state reactions. 

Cryolite. Cryohte constitutes an important raw material for aluminum manufacturing. The natural mineral is accurately depicted as 3NaF AIF., but synthetic cryohte is often deficient in sodium fluoride. Physical properties are given in Table 4. 

Table 1 Hsts some of the physical properties of duoroboric acid. It is a strong acid in water, equal to most mineral acids in strength and has a p p o of —4.9 as compared to —4.3 for nitric acid (9). The duoroborate ion contains a neady tetrahedral boron atom with almost equidistant B—F bonds in the sohd state. Although lattice effects and hydrogen bonding distort the ion, the average B—F distance is 0.138 nm the F—B—F angles are neady the theoretical 109° (10,11). Raman spectra on molten, ie, Hquid NaBF agree with the symmetrical tetrahedral stmcture (12).

Muscovite mica formed as a primary mineral in pegmatites and granodiorite differs in physical properties compared to muscovite mica formed by secondary alteration (mica schist) (Table 2). The main differences are in flexibiUty and abiUty to be delaminated. Primary muscovite is not as brittle and delaminates much easier than muscovite formed as a secondary mineral. Mineralogical properties of the principal natural micas are shown in Table 3. The make-up of muscovite, phlogopite, and biotite are as follows ... 

Milk consists of 85—89% water and 11—15% total soflds (Table 1) the latter comprises soflds-not-fat (SNF) and fat. Milk having a higher fat content also has higher SNF, with an increase of 0.4% SNF for each 1% fat increase. The principal components of SNF are protein, lactose, and minerals (ash). The fat content and other constituents of the milk vary with the animal species, and the composition of milk varies with feed, stage of lactation, health of the animal, location of withdrawal from the udder, and seasonal and environmental conditions. The nonfat soflds, fat soflds, and moisture relationships are well estabhshed and can be used as a basis for detecting adulteration with water (qv). Physical properties of milk are given in Table 2. 

Although the size separation/classification methods are adequate in some cases to produce a final saleable mineral product, in a vast majority of cases these produce Httle separation of valuable minerals from gangue. Minerals can be separated from one another based on both physical and chemical properties (Fig. 8). Physical properties utilized in concentration include specific gravity, magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductivity, color, surface reflectance, and radioactivity level. Among the chemical properties, those of particle surfaces have been exploited in physico-chemical concentration methods such as flotation and flocculation. The main objective of concentration is to separate the valuable minerals into a small, concentrated mass which can be treated further to produce final mineral products. In some cases, these methods also produce a saleable product, especially in the case of industrial minerals. 

Occurrence. Niobium and tantalum usually occur together. Niobium never occurs as the metal, ie, ia the free state. Sometimes it occurs as a hydroxide, siUcate, or borate most often it is combiaed with oxygen and another metal, forming a niobate or tantalate ia which the niobium and tantalum isomorphously replace one another with Htde change ia physical properties except density. Ore concentrations of niobium usually occur as carbonatites and are associated with tantalum ia pegmatites and alluvial deposits. Principal niobium-beariag minerals can be divided iato two groups, the titano- and tantalo-niobates. 

Other. A large variety of additives are used in paper-coatiag colors primarily to modify the physical properties of the colors (102). At high soHds concentrations in water, mineral pigment particles tend to associate and form viscous pastes. Dispersants (qv) are used to prevent this and to provide low viscosity slurries. Common dispersants include polyphosphates and sodium polyacrylate [9003-04-7]. Various water-soluble polymers are added to coatiag colors and act as water-retention agents and as rheology modifiers. 

Aluminosilicate Fibers. Vitreous alurninosihcate fibers, more commonly known as refractory ceramic fibers (RCF), belong to a class of materials known as synthetic vitreous fibers. Fiber glass and mineral wool are also classified as synthetic vitreous fibers, and together represent 98% of this product group. RCFs were discovered in 1942 (18) but were not used commercially until 1953. Typical chemical and physical properties of these materials are shown in Table 3. 

Chlorinated Polyethylene. Chlorinating polyethylene under pressure results in a polymer having a chlorine content varying from 25 to 42%. The polymer requires the incorporation of carbon black and minerals for achieving good physical properties. The polymers handle like conventional polymers and can be mixed and processed on conventional mbber equipment. 

Rubidium [7440-17-7] Rb, is an alkali metal, ie, ia Group 1 (lA) of the Periodic Table. Its chemical and physical properties generally He between those of potassium (qv) and cesium (see Cesiumand cesium compounds Potassium compounds). Rubidium is the sixteenth most prevalent element ia the earth s cmst (1). Despite its abundance, it is usually widely dispersed and not found as a principal constituent ia any mineral. Rather it is usually associated with cesium. Most mbidium is obtained from lepidoHte [1317-64-2] an ore containing 2—4% mbidium oxide [18088-11-4]. LepidoHte is found ia Zimbabwe and at Bernic Lake, Canada. 

The crystalline mineral silicates have been well characterized and their diversity of stmcture thoroughly presented (2). The stmctures of siHcate glasses and solutions can be investigated through potentiometric and dye adsorption studies, chemical derivatization and gas chromatography, and laser Raman, infrared (ftir), and Si Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance ( Si ft-nmr) spectroscopy. References 3—6 contain reviews of the general chemical and physical properties of siHcate materials. 

Performance of coupling agents in reinforced composites may depend as much on physical properties resulting from the method of appHcation as on the chemistry of the organofunctional silane. Physical solubiUty or compatibiUty of a siloxanol layer is determined by the nature and degree of siloxane condensation on a mineral surface. 

Because clays (rocks) usually contain more than one mineral and the various clay minerals differ in chemical and physical properties, the term clay may signify entirely different things to different clay users. Whereas the geologist views clay as a raw material for shale, the pedologist as a dynamic system to support plant life, and the ceramist as a body to be processed in preparation for vitrification, the chemist and technologist view clay as a catalyst, adsorbent, filler, coater, or source of aluminum or lithium compounds, etc. 

Stdffler, D. (1974), Deformation and Transformation of Rock-Forming Minerals by Natural and Experimental Shock Processes. II. Physical Properties of Shocked Minerals. Fortschr. Miner. 51, 256-289. 

The fluids have reasonably good chemical resistance but are attacked by concentrated mineral acids and alkalis. They are soluble in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is to be expected from the low solubility parameter of 14.9 MPa. They are insoluble in solvents of higher solubility parameter such as acetone, ethylene glycol and water. They are themselves very poor solvents. Some physical properties of the dimethylsilicone fluids are summarised in Table 29.2. 

An alloy of nickel was known in China over 2000 years ago, and Saxon miners were familiar with the reddish-coloured ore, NiAs, which superficially resembles CU2O. These miners attributed their inability to extract copper from this source to the work of the devil and named the ore Kupfemickel (Old Nick s copper). In 1751 A. F. Cronstedt isolated an impure metal from some Swedish ores and, identifying it with the metallic component of Kupfemickel, named the new metal nickel . In 1804 J. B. Richter produced a much purer sample and so was able to determine its physical properties more accurately. 

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