Anion doping

The main concept for development of metal-air batteries with new low-cost composite polymeric catalysts is to use catalytic activity of PANI/TEG composition towards the oxygen reduction during the discharge process of battery side by side with non-Faradaic process of anion doping during the charge process (please, see schemes below). 

It is very likely that PF6 occupies the Van de Waals gap between the SWNTs in a similar way than in graphite intercalation compounds [6] and in anion-doped fullerenes [7]. Because of lower surface area between... 

Active-anion doping, 73 546 Active catalyst sites, diffusion of pollutants to, 70 47-48... 

Wang H, Lewis JP (2006) Second-generation photocatalytic materials anion-doped Ti02. J Phys-C, 18 421-434... 

An interesting variant on this theme is the polypyrrole-polythiophene p-n junction diode, prepared by forming the two anion-doped polymers sequentially and then redoping the thiophene layer with cations. At 10 V the diode had a forward current of 15 mA and a current of 1 mA in reverse bias3l6). 

TABLE 1. Change energy of dehydrogenation at anion doping... 

As calculations show, the activation energy of dehydrogenation from bridge hydroxyl group of nanocrystal zirconia particle change at anion doping. 

Wang, H. and J.P. Lewis (2006). Second-generation photocatalytic materials Anion-doped Ti02. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, 18(2), 421 134. 

Shimizu et al. used simple rhodium-aqua ions (Rh3+) immobilized onto polymer-modified electrodes to perform the electrochemical reduction of NAD+ [114]. Rh3+ was loaded onto polymeric anion doped-polypyrrole membranes coated on the surface. Electrochemical reduction of NAD+ with immobilized Rh3+ was performed at —0.85 V, where Rh3+ was reduced to Rh+. NADH was produced without detectable formation of NAD-dimers. 

In the development of active photocatalysts imder visible light, it is essential to control their electronic energy structure. The strategies for controlling the energy structure of photocatalysts for water splitting may be classified in three ways (i) cation or anion doping, (ii) use of mixed semiconductor composites, and (iii) use of semiconductor alloys. 

Cation or anion doping Ion doping has been extensively investigated for enhancing the visible-light response of wide band-gap photocatalysts (UV-active). Examples include Sb- or Ta- and Cr-doped Ti02 and SrTiOs (Kato et al., 2002 Ishii et al., 2004), ZnS doped with Cu or Ni (Kudo and Sekizawa, 1999 Kudo and Sekizawa 2000), or C-doped Ti02 (Khan et al., 2002). 

Figure 12 Band structure of anion-doped semiconductor with visible light response from a semiconductor with wide band gap (UV response) (Kudo et al., 2004).

However, only the latter can be employed in conjunction with lithium, LiAl or LiCe negative electrodes A two-step redox process is discussed according to Section 6.3 and Eq. (70). The first two-electron step leads to the (green) emeraldine form, where the A -protons have disappeared and an alternating chain of benzoid and quinoid Ce rings have formed. The second two-electron process leads to an anion-doped... 

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