Phosphorylated cellulose

Class I Not more than 50% of the color is bound by DEAE (diethylaminoethyl) cellulose, and not more than 50% of the color is bound by phosphoryl cellulose. 

Color Bound by Phosphoryl Cellulose (Note For the purposes of this monograph, Color Bound by Phosphoryl Cellulose is defined as the percent decrease in absorbance of a Caramel solution at 560 nm after treatment with phosphoryl cellulose.)... 

Special Reagent Use phosphoryl cellulose (cellulose phosphate) of 1.2 meq/g capacity. Phosphoryl cellulose of higher or lower capacities may be used in proportionately higher or lower quantities. 

Procedure Transfer 200 to 300 mg of sample into a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute to volume with 0.025 A hydrochloric acid, and centrifuge or filter if the solution is cloudy. Add 1.42 g of Special Reagent to a 40-mL aliquot of the Sample Solution, mix thoroughly for several minutes, centrifuge or filter, and collect the clear supernatant liquid. Determine the absorbance of the Sample Solution and of the supernatant liquid in a 1 -cm cell at 5 60 nm with a suitable spectrophotometer previously standardized using 0.025 N hydrochloric acid as a reference. Calculate the percent color bound by phosphoryl cellulose by the formula... 

Polyethyleneimine adsorbed to cellulose or weakly phosphorylated cellulose... 

A conaparison of the results of potentiometric titration of preparations of the starting cellulose and of the phosphorylated cellulose has shown that the latter contains acidic hydroxyl grou] It has also been found that all of the reaction products obtained contain methoxyl groups. These rraults, together with data frcan chromatographic studies, show that the phosphorylation erf cellulose with monomethylphosphite involves the simultaneous occurrence of the esterification and transesterification reactions. 

Riley, R. R, and M. K. Coleman. 1970. Isolation of C-reactive protein of man, monkey, rabbit and dog by affinity chromatography on phosphorylated cellulose. Clinica ChimicaActa 30 483-486. 

Scheme 11.2 The mechanism of metal ions adsorption onto phosphorylated cellulose.

Diethylaminoethyl-ceUulose Reaction product from epichlorohydrin, triethanolamine and alkaM-cellulose Aminoethyl-cellulose Carboxymethyl-cellulose Phosphorylated cellulose Polyethyleneimine-impregnated cellulose Polyphosphate-impregnated cellulose... 

DEAE-Cellulose, ECTEOLA-Cellulose, Carboxymethyl-cellulose,Phosphoryl-cellulose cf. pp. 39, 43, 45, 47 in [124]. 

Phosphoric Acid-Based Systems for Cellulosics. Semidurable flame-retardant treatments for cotton (qv) or wood (qv) can be attained by phosphorylation of cellulose, preferably in the presence of a nitrogenous compound. Commercial leach-resistant flame-retardant treatments for wood have been developed based on a reaction product of phosphoric acid with urea—formaldehyde and dicyandiamide resins (59,60). 

A characteristic feature of the SuSy isoforms is a conserved phosphorylated serine residue near the N-terminus [8-10]. In-vivo studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation direct the distribution of SuSy isoforms in the plant cell [10-12]. The soluble phosphorylated SuSy interacts with the actin cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm [13], and the dephosphorylated SuSy isoforms are targeted to the cell membrane to form complexes with other enzymes, e.g., glucan synthase, catalyzing cellulose biosynthesis from sucrose [4, 10, 14]. In this respect, recent studies on the dephosphorylated enzymes by cloning and expression of SMS genes in E. coli have shown differences in some biochemical features when compared to the enzymes isolated from the corresponding plant material. Recom-... 

The Calvin cycle is completed by the phosphorylation of D-ribulose 5-phosphate with ATP. The resulting D-ribulose 1,5-diphosphate then is used to start the cycle again by combining with carbon dioxide. There is one sixth more fructose generated per cycle than is used to reform the ribulose 1,5-diphosphate. This fructose is used to build other carbohydrates, notably glucose, starch, and cellulose. 

The reaction of phosphoryl chloride with cellulose in the presence of a nonaque-ous solvent such as carbon tetrachloride or pyridine and subsequent reaction with ammonia to form a cellulose phosphoramide (9). 

Microwave heating has also been applied in the solvent-free phosphorylation of microcrystalline cellulose (Gospodinova et al., 2002). In the isolation step of this procedure, only water and ethanol were used as additional solvents. Wax esters have been produced from vegetable oils using a solvent-free enzymatic process (Petersson et al, 2005) this is particularly noteworthy as enzymes are often intolerant to high concentrations of substrates. The examples of solvent-free procedures described here show that solvents are not always required in the transformation of naturally sourced biopolymers and also in the chemistry of small molecules that can be obtained from a biorefinery. 

Gospodinova, N., A. Grelard, M. Jeannin, G.C. Chitanu, A. Carpov, V. Thiery and T. Besson, Efficient Solvent-Free Microwave Phosphorylation of Microcrystalline Cellulose, Green Chemistry, 4, 220-222 (2002). 

Zhang S. and Horrocks, A.R. 2003. Substantive intumescence from phosphorylated 1,3-propanediol derivatives substituted on to cellulose. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 90( 12) 3165—3172. 

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