Phosphorus hydrides oxidation

Although a nonflammable gas, it reacts explosively with many substances, including organics, metals, metal sulfides, sulfur, phosphorus, nitric oxide, ammonia, carbon disulfide, metal hydrides, and charcoal. It is a severe irritant to the eyes, nose, skin, and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the gas at 100 ppm can be fatal to humans. 

Solvents are rigorously dried by repeated distillation in vacuo from phosphorus-(V) oxide. The alkyl nitriles are generally predried by refluxing them over calcium hydride for several days, then distilling several times from phosphorus (V) oxide, and finally from potassium carbonate the liquid is then stored either over phosphorus (V) oxide on the vacuum line or in contact with molecular sieves in the dry-box. 

Laurone has been prepared by hydrating and decarboxylating decylketene dimer.3 It has also been prepared by distilling calcium laurate 4 by heating lauric acid with phosphorus pent-oxide 5 by heating barium laurate under reduced pressure 6 by the ester condensation of ethyl laurate with sodium ethoxide 7 or of methyl laurate with sodium hydride 8 followed by ketonic hydrolysis by catalytic ketonization of lauric acid over a chromate catalyst 9 or by passing lauric acid over thorium dioxide at 400°.10... 

Potassium dichromate, 3 24 Potassium diisopropylamide, 324 Potassium ethanethiolate, 325 Potassium fluoride, 279, 325-326 Potassium formate, 329 Potassium-Graphite, 326 Potassium hexamethyldisilazide, 326-327 Potassium hydride, 327-328 Potassium hydrogen persulfate, 328 Potassium hydroxide-Alumina, 328 Potassium iodide-Boron(ill) iodide, 329 Potassium iodide-Zinc-Phosphorus(V) oxide, 329... 

Nonflammable gas supports the combustion of many compounds, including carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus. Nitrous oxide decomposes explosively at high temperatures. It forms explosive mixtures with hydrogen, ammonia, silane, and phosphine. Reactions with hydrazine and alkali-metal hydrides produce flame. It is a strong oxidizer at elevated temperatures, at about 300°C (572°F), when its dissociation begins. 

Arnauld Paul Edmond Thenard (Paris, 6 October 1819-Talmay, Cote d Or, 8 August 1884), son of the famous L. J. Thenard, baron, wealthy landowner in the Cote d Or and Saone et Loire, and interested mainly in agricultural chemistry, worked (partly with A. Thenard) on phosphorus hydrides, on ozone, the action of a silent electric discharge on gases, and a black allotropic form of phosphorus. In the determination of ozone he used the oxidation of a solution of arsenious oxide in hydrochloric acid. 

The chemistry of phosphorus and the heavier congeners is dominated by element to element (E-E) single bonds and, particularly in the case of phosphorus, the availability of l>d orbitals to form dir—pir double bonds with a variety of other atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, and even sulfur. Orbital participation results in expanded octets as found in compounds such as PF5, SbCl5, X3P=0 (where X=F, Cl, Br, I), the phosphorus oxoadds and oxoanions, and a class of compounds called the phosphazenes. We will take up many of these cases as we encounter them in the appropriate sections under our usual survey of the hydrides, oxides and oxoacids, and halides. For now, however, let s take a quick look at the phosphazenes, formerly called the phosphonitriles, that contain both N and P atoms in the same molecule. 

A survey of the hydrides, oxides, hydroxides, and halides highlights the network components. The hydrides of nitrogen and phosphorus emphasize the uniqueness of the lightest element. Unlike the polar ammonia, the nonpolar phosphine is a poor base and not capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Arsine is less stable than phosphine, and its decomposition is the basis of the criminological Marsh test for the presence of arsenic. 

Trimethylene dibromide (Section 111,35) is easily prepared from commercial trimethj lene glycol, whilst hexamethylene dibromide (1 O dibromohexane) is obtained by the red P - Br reaction upon the glycol 1 6-hexanediol is prepared by the reduction of diethyl adipate (sodium and alcohol lithium aluminium hydride or copper-chromium oxide and hydrogen under pressure). Penta-methylene dibromide (1 5-dibromopentane) is readily produced by the red P-Brj method from the commercially available 1 5 pentanediol or tetra-hydropyran (Section 111,37). Pentamethylene dibromide is also formed by the action of phosphorus pentabromide upon benzoyl piperidine (I) (from benzoyl chloride and piperidine) ... 

Phosphorus compounds exhibit an enormous variety of chemical and physical properties as a result of the wide range ia the oxidation states and coordination numbers for the phosphoms atom. The most commonly encountered phosphoms compounds are the oxide, haUde, sulfide, hydride, nitrogen, metal, and organic derivatives, all of which are of iadustrial importance. The hahde, hydride, and metal derivatives, and to a lesser extent the oxides and sulfides, are reactive iatermediates for forming phosphoms bonds with other elements. Phosphoms-containing compounds represented about 6—7% of the compound hstiugs ia Chemical Abstracts as of 1993 (1). 

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