Phosphoric acid properties, physical

Extensive hydrogen bonding takes place in phosphoric acid solutions. In concentrated (86% H PO solutions, as well as in the crystal stmctures of the anhydrous acid and the hemihydrate, the tetrahedral H PO groups are linked by hydrogen bonding. At lower (75% H PO concentrations, the tetrahedra are hydrogen-bonded to the water lattice. Physical properties of phosphoric acid solutions of various concentrations are Hsted in Table 2 the vapor pressure of aqueous H PO solutions at various temperatures is given in Table 3. 

Table 2. Physical Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Phosphoric Acid...

The general manufacturing scheme for phosphate salts is shown in Figure 11. Condensed phosphates are prepared from the appropriate orthophosphate or mixture of orthophosphates, so the preparation of orthophosphates must be considered first for the manufacture of any phosphate salt. Phosphoric acid is neutralized to form a solution or slurry with a carefully adjusted acid/base ratio according to the desired orthophosphate product. The orthophosphate may be recovered either by crystallization from solution, or the entire solution or slurry may be evaporated to dryness. The dewatering (qv) method is determined by the solubihty properties of the product and by its desired physical properties such as crystal size and shape, bulk density, and surface area. Acid orthophosphate salts may be converted to condensed phosphates by thermal dehydration (calcination). 

Elemental composition P 37.78%, H 3.69%, 0 58.54%. The acid in solid form may be identified by its physical properties. Aqueous solution may be heated and phosphorus acid is converted to phosphoric acid which is measured for orthophosphate ion by ion chromatography or colorimetry (see Phosphoric Acid). A cold aqueous solution may be analyzed for phosphite ion by ion chromatography, following appropriate dilution. Strength of the acid in an aqueous solution may be measured by acid-base titration using a standard solution of alkali. Also, titration against a standard solution of silver nitrate using potassium chromate as indicator may serve as an additional confirmatory test. 

Sodium is analyzed in aqueous solution by AA or ICP methods. Phosphate anion is measured by colorimetric methods (See Phosphoric Acid) or ion chromatography. The solution must be diluted appropriately. The compound is also identified from its physical properties. 

The extraction of zinc with the cation exchanger di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid, RH, is recommended by the EFCE as a test system for RE. Physical properties, handling, equilibrium data, etc. are documented on the internet (http // www. dechema.de/Extraction, http //www.icheme.org/leaming). 

Pure deuterophosphoric acid is stable indefinitely as a solid but in the fused state always contains traces of pyro-and other polyphosphates which depress the freezing point of the compound. Its chemical properties are similar to those of phosphoric acid. The more important physical properties of the two compounds (supercooled) are compared in the following table.3... 

Phosphorous acid forms white, snowy crystals which are extremely hygroscopic. Its melting point is between 73 and 74°, its specific gravity in the liquid state, 1.597]6. The physical and chemical properties of phosphorous acid4-7 indicate that the molecule has structure I and not structure II. 

Physical Properties.—Phosphorus trichloride is a colourless liquid which boils at 76° C. and freezes at about -100° C. The vapour density and the analysis correspond to the molecule PC13. The liquid fumes in moist air with decomposition. It is immiscible with water, but is completely hydrolysed by it forming hydrochloric and phosphorous acids. 

Orthophosphorio Acid —Preparation—Physical Properties of Solid Hydrates of P2Os—Solubilities, Melting-points and Eutectics of the System HjP04-Ha0—Densities of Aqueous Solutions—Vapour Pressures—Conductivities of Concentrated and Dilute Solutions—Viscosities—Refractive Index—Basicity and Neutralisation of the Phosphoric Acids—Constitution... 

Pure lead has low creep and fatigue resistance, but its physical properties can be improved by the addition of small amounts of silver, copper, antimony, or tellurium. Lead-clad equipment is in common use in many chemical plants. The excellent corrosion-resistance properties of lead are caused by the formation of protective surface coatings. If the coating is one of the highly insoluble lead salts, such as sulfate, carbonate, or phosphate, good corrosion resistance is obtained. Little protection is offered, however, if the coating is a soluble salt, such as nitrate, acetate, or chloride. As a result, lead shows good resistance to sufuric acid and phosphoric acid, but it is susceptible to attack by acetic acid and nitric acid. 

The results of these studies and others reported previously demonstrate that the 1-oxypyridinyl group is an effective catalyst for the transacylation reactions of derivatives of carboxylic and phosphoric acids when incorporated in small molecules and polymers. Furthermore, this catalytic site exhibits high selectivity for acid chlorides in the presence of acid anhydrides, amides, and esters. Therefore, catalysts bearing this group as the catalytic site can be used successfully in synthetic applications that require such specificity. The results of this work suggest that functionalized polysiloxanes should be excellent candidates as catalysts for a wide variety of chemical reactions, because they combine the unique collection of chemical, physical, and dynamic-mechanical properties of siloxanes with the chemical properties of the functional group. Finally, functionalized siloxanes appear to mimic effectively enzyme-lipophilic substrate associations that contribute to the widely acknowledged selectivity and efficiency observed in enzymic catalysis. 

Like phosphoric acid, arsenic acid is tribasic and the ai senates resemble the phosphates in composition, and in many of their chemical and physical properties. 

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