Fused state

If the commercial fused sodium acetate is available, it should be melted and maintained in the fused state for several minutes in order to remove the water absorbed during storage. 

Fused State Baths. Sodium hydroxide and salt can be heated to a fused state in baths to allow the removal of finishes from ferrous metals. The most common use of this method is the removal of heavy concentrations of paint on conveyer parts and hangers used in production spray systems. 

Lithium cyanide melts at 160°C. In the fused state the specific gravity at 18°C is 1.075. It is highly hygroscopic. Rubidium cyanide is not hygroscopic and is insoluble in alcohol or ether. Cesium cyanide is highly hygroscopic. 

Salts are non-volatile and in the fused state or in solution eonduet an eleetrie eurrent. Many salts are hydrated in the solid state with water of erystallization. 

Both ICl and IBr are partly dissociated into ions in the fused state, and this gives rise to an appreciable electrical conductivity (Table 17.12). The ions formed by this heterolytic dissociation of IX are undoubtedly solvated in the melt and the equilibria can be formally represented as... 

Figure 1. Liquefaction yields vs. maximum fluidities in the fused state of coal (%), solvent (SRC pitch benzene soluble) (O), pyrene ((B), no solvent. Coal.sol-vent ratio = 1 3 reaction temperature = 390°C(8).

It is commonly considered to be an inert element, but this is not quite correct. In the fused state it absorbs oxygen and in the finely divided state it absorbs appreciable amount of hydrogen. It has been shown that at 80° and under a pressure of 1 atmosphere, it absorbs about 900 times of as much hydrogen as its own volume. This is why it is used as a catalyst in several hydrogenation reactions. 

The technique of H NMR thermal analysis (25) yields data In the form of M2J pyrograms (typical examples are shown In Figures 1 and 2). The fusibility of a coal can be ranked by the minimum value of M2J (M2jmln) attained during the experiment. This parameter measures the Instantaneous maximum extent of fusion of the sample on a molecular level and not the total fraction of material that passes through a fused state during heating. 

CgHjSiOi.sls is the most heat-resistant oligosilsesquioxane known. It does not change when heated in the air to its melting point (500 °C). In their fused state (above 415 and 385 °C, respectively) deca- and dodeca(phenylsilsesquioxanes) slowly polymerize... 

Reaction with potassium chloride in fused state or in the presence of iodine monochloride forms molybdenum hexachloride anion, MoCle , which forms salts such as K2M0CI6 ... 

Fused alkalies, particularly potassium and barium hydroxides, are corrosive to platinum. In the presence of oxygen or oxidizing agents this corrosive action of fused alkalies increases. Also, cyanide and nitrates of alkali metals in fused state are corrosive to platinum. 

White crystaUine powder with odor of ammonia orthogonal crystals density 1.39 g/cm3 melts at 210°C begins to volatilize at 400°C decomposes at 500°C decomposed by water and hot alcohol in fused state it dissolves zinc, magnesium and other metals, as well as, quartz, glass, and sdicates. 

This is the purest yet described from any locality. In 1786, a mass of native iron, weighing upwards of thirteen tens, was found in South America, a sample of which was sent to the British Museum. It is described as boing soft and compact, although the internal part of tho mess is full of cavities it hod 07ery appearance of having been in a fused state, and was considered the product of a volcanic irruption. No analysis of this sample has been made. 

Ordinary Stoneware- -one of the characteristics of which, namely, the. semi-fused state of the mass, results from the much stronger heat of the kiln, and not from the addition of flux. 

Hydrazine nitrate, NHj-NHj-NO], exists in two crystalline forms of different melting temparatures the stable form melts at 70.7°C, while the labile melts at 62.1°C. In contact with water hydrazine nitrate dissolves with great ease to form a strongly acid solution. In the fused state it reacts rapidly with several metals, such as zinc and copper. Hodgkinson [45] explains this behaviour as due to the formation of azides under these conditions. In the presence of nitrites, hydrazine nitrate forms salts of hydrazoic acid. 

Cyanamide is also acted upon directly by ammonium salts in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions.17-20 Since it is of decided advantage to avoid the isolation of pure cyanamide, methods have been developed in which aqueous solutions of cyanamide are prepared from calcium cyanamide and are then permitted to react with ammonium salts. However, guanidine nitrate may also be prepared directly from commercial calcium cyanamide by the action of ammonium nitrate. This reaction takes place readily in the fused state, in concentrated aqueous solution,21 or by direct admixture of solid ammonium nitrate with calcium cyanamide and subsequent heating to 100°C.22 The latter procedure is to be preferred, since better yields are obtainable and the hazard of fusion with ammonium nitrate is obviated. The directions given for procedure B require the use of a fairly good grade of unoiled calcium cyanamide containing approximately 65 per cent CaNCN. 

Isomerization of 2-Allylphenol to 2-Propenylphenol. 2-Allylphenol is dissolved in three times its volume of a saturated solution of potassium hydroxide in methanol part of the solvent is distilled off until the temperature of the liquid rises to 110°, and the residue is refluxed six hours at this temperature. The reaction product is washed free of the base, dried, and distilled, giving a 75% yield of 2-propenylphenol boiling over a range 110-115°/15-16 mm. The compound solidifies in the receiver, and on recrystallization from ligroin forms shining needles melting at 36.5-37° (corr.) in fused state nf> 1.5823, b.p. 230-231° at atmospheric... 

Pure deuterophosphoric acid is stable indefinitely as a solid but in the fused state always contains traces of pyro-and other polyphosphates which depress the freezing point of the compound. Its chemical properties are similar to those of phosphoric acid. The more important physical properties of the two compounds (supercooled) are compared in the following table.3... 

Aqueous washing of the fly ash provides a sorbent with the capacity to remove the elements in amounts in excess of that originally leached. The sorbent characteristic of fly ash is favored by combustion temperatures that lead to the fusion of the fly ash during its formation and the time it remains in the fused state. No correlation could be established between the sorbent characteristic of the fly ashes and their bulk major, minor, trace elemental compositions and the particle size of the fly ash particles. Only the carbon content of the fly ash could be related to its organic removal properties. 

The sorbent and leaching characteristics of fly ash can be related to operating temperatures in the boiler and to coal ash compositions that provide low ash fusion temperatures. Boiler temperatures that favor the fusion of the ash and maintain the ash in the fused state reduce the amount of trace elements leached from the fly ash and improve the sorbent characteristics of the fly ash for removal of these elements from ash pond effluents. In addition, the leachable amounts of each of the elements analyzed in this study can be correlated with the fly ash particle area and with their bulk compositions in the original coal. No correlation could be identified between the sorbent characteristics of fly ashes and their particle size and bulk, major, minor and trace elemental compositions, with the exception of the carbon content. Only organic removals, as measured by COD from ash pond effluent could be correlated with the carbon content of the fly ash particles. 

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