Phosphonated polystyrene

Almost all industrial catalysts are heterogeneous, with the reaction taking place on a solid surface. The polymeric catalysts are formed by chemically bonding a transition metal complex to an insoluble polymer they are then useful as heterogeneous catalysts. Cross-linked polystyrene-divinylbenzene gel, phosphonated polystyrene-divinylbenzene, ion-exchange resin, and silica are well-known insoluble polymers that have been used. Examples of polymer reactions are as follows [Eqs. (16-23)] ... 

CE has been used for the analysis of anionic surfactants [946,947] and can be considered as complementary to HPLC for the analysis of cationic surfactants with advantages of minimal solvent consumption, higher efficiency, easy cleaning and inexpensive replacement of columns and the ability of fast method development by changing the electrolyte composition. Also the separation of polystyrene sulfonates with polymeric additives by CE has been reported [948]. Moreover, CE has also been used for the analysis of polymeric water treatment additives, such as acrylic acid copolymer flocculants, phosphonates, low-MW acids and inorganic anions. The technique provides for analyst time-savings and has lower detection limits and improved quantification for determination of anionic polymers, compared to HPLC. 

Polymer Media Polymaleic Anhydride Poly Acrylic Acid Polyvinyl Phosphonic Acid Polyvinyl Sulfonic Acid Polystyrene Sulfonate Tripoly Phosphate... 

Only a few examples of solid-phase syntheses of phosphonic, phosphoric, and sulfonic acids have been reported (Figure 3.16). Benzyl esters of these strong acids can act as alkylating agents, and may therefore be too labile to serve as linkers for long synthetic sequences on solid phase. However, if cross-linked polystyrene is used as the support, the reactivity of, for example, benzyl sulfonates is strongly reduced, and even... 

Figure 5.9. Wittig olefination with acceptor-substituted, polystyrene-bound phosphonates and phosphonium salts [87,94], Ar 2-nitrophenyl.

Phosphonates react with aldehydes or imines to yield a-hydroxy- or a-aminoalk-ylphosphonates, respectively. These reactions can also be conducted on cross-linked polystyrene. In Figure 11.2, a sequence is outlined in which polystyrene-bound H-phosphonates are treated with imines and aldehydes. The variant in which a support-bound imine is converted into an a-aminoalkylphosphonate has also been reported... 

C-Acylations of C,H-acidic compounds have also been realized on insoluble supports. The few examples that have been reported include the C-acylation of support-bound ester enolates with acyl halides [9], Claisen condensations of polystyrene-bound ketones with benzoic acid esters, the C-acylation of nitriles with acyl nitriles or anhydrides, and the C-acylation of phosphonates with acyl halides (Entries 5-9, Table... 

Price, D., Cunliffe, L. K., Bullett, K. J., Hull, T. R., Milnes, G. J., Ebdon, J. R., Hunt, B. J., and Joseph, R, Thermal behaviour of covalently bonded phosphate and phosphonate flame retardant polystyrene systems, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2007, 92, 1101-1114. 

Chlorinated paraffins, which contain up to 60-70% chlorine, are low in cost and are used as secondary plasticizer in PVC wire and cable insulations. Perchlorobicyclopentadiene has little plasticizing action and is used in polyethylene. Some of the more expensive bromine-containing fire retardants which have been used in the ratio of 5 p.p.h. in polystyrene foam, may be reduced to 0.5 p.p.h. by adding synergists such as peroxides or nitroso compounds. The reaction-type retardants, such as chlorendic acid and anhydride, hydroxy-terminated phosphonated esters, and specific brominated aliphatic esters, are admixed to rigid and flexible polyurethane foams, reinforced polyesters, phenolics, and epoxy resins. 

In our studies we found that phosphonic acids (16), phosphinic acids (25), and phosphine oxides (17) are additives capable of imparting fire retardant properties to thermoplastic polymers. Tables I and II present data for some of these compounds when added to polyethylene or to poly (methyl methacrylate). The concentration reported is not necessarily the lowest effective concentration for the additive in the polymer. These additives also were effective in other thermoplastic polymers such as polystyrene, impact polystyrene, polypropylene and ABS. The compounds were completely compatible with the polymers. 

The phosphorylation of phenol-furfural condensate affords a cation-exchange resin with improved thermal and chemical reristance. The heat treatment of phosphonic add resins from furfural redns, phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, and polystyrene at 100-180 °C for 10-48 h shows that the furfural-based phosphonic acid resins possess higher thermal stability than those from the other two polymers. 

A series of (3-alkenylphenyldifluoromethyl)phosphonic acids (234), has been synthesized on non-crosslinked polystyrene (NCPS) support and examined for inhibition with protein tyrosine phosphatase IB. Phosphonic acid (234) was the most potent of this series of compounds being a reversible, competitive inhibitor with a K of 8.0 1,4 pM (Figure 41)." ... 

In a few studies sonochemistry was used to coat polymers with nanosized par-tides [48-50]. Of these three reports one [50] dealt with metals, more specifically with noble metals (Pt, Pd, and Au). In this research, metal colloids are adsorbed to the surface of neutral functionalized polystyrene microspheres, PSMS. The authors report on the synthesis and characterization of catalytically important noble monometallic colloids using various chemical and sonochemical methods. These metal colloids are then adsorbed onto suitably functionalized PSMS. The metal-immobilized microspheres are reacted with a linker such as 4-mercaptobutyl phosphonic acid and subsequently used to grow multilayers. 

Polystyrene-methylene-phosphonic acid Resorcinol arsonic acid/ formaldehyde copolymer Duolite ES 467... 

In the preparation of a combinatorial library of a,[3-unsaturated carboxylic acids, a group from Rhone Poulenc Rorer utilized the H WE-olefination reaction. Starting from 1-substituted phosphonoacetic acid anchored to polystyrene, a 48-membered library containing a diverse set of aldehydes (aliphatic, aromatic and basic) was produced, with an (E/Z)-ratio that was highly dependant on the a-substituent of the phosphonate, where hydrogen gave a 9 1 ratio in favor of the (Ej-product... 

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