Phospholipid anchor

Miura S, Teramura Y, Iwata H (2006) Encapsulation of islets with ultra-thin poly ion complex membrane through polyethylene glycol)-phospholipids anchored to cell membrane. Biomaterials 27 5828-5835... 

N. Fraysse, B. Lindner, Z. Kaczynski, L. Sharypova, O. Holst, K. Niehaus, and V. Poinsot, Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021 produces a low-molecular mass capsular polysaccharide that is a homopolymer of 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid harbouring a phospholipidic anchor, Glycobiology, 15 (2005) 101-108. 

Gabizon A, Shmeeda H, Horowitz AT, Zalipsky S (2004) Tumor cell targeting of liposome-entrapped drugs with phospholipid-anchored folic acid-PEG conjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56 1177-1192... 

A schematic representation of a FRET-based voltage sensor assay is shown in Fig. 13. The assay principle was first published [105] and then further improved [106] by Gonzalez and Tsien, then commercialized [107], and is now available from Panvera [108]. The FRET donor is a coumarin dye, which is covalently linked to a phosphoHpid. The acceptor is a highly fluorescent, membrane-soluble anionic ox-onol dye. When the cell membrane is loaded with the dyes, the phospholipid anchors the coumarin donor to the outside of the cell, whereas the oxonol dye is accumulated in the ceU membrane. The distribution of the anionic oxonol in the membrane depends on the polarity of the membrane potential if the oxonol dye is located on the extracellular side of the membrane in close proximity to the coumarin donor, FRET occurs and the emission is mostly at 580 nm. If the polarity changes, the oxonol rapidly translocates to the intracellular side of the membrane, too far from the coumarin donor for FRET, and the emission is mostly at 460 nm. 

A Phospholipid Anchor Tethers Some Cell-Surface Proteins to the Membrane... 

Deeg, M. A., Humphrey, D. R., Yang, S. H. et al. (1992) Glycan components in the glycoino-sitol phospholipid anchor of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. Novel fragments produced by trifluoroacetic acid. J. Biol Chem.y 161 y 18573-80. 

Haas, R., Jackson, B. C., Reinhold, B. and Foster, J. D. (1996) Glycoinositol phospholipid anchor and protein C-terminus of bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase analysis by mass spectrometry and by protein and DNA sequencing. Biochem. J., 314, 817-25. 

Stahl N, Baldwin MA, Hecker R, Pan KM, Burlingame AL, Prusiner SB. Glycosylinositol phospholipid anchors of the scrapie and cellular prion proteins contain sialic acid. Biochemistry. 1992 31(21) 5043-5053. 

J. Stadler, T. W. Keenan, G. Bauer G. Gerisch. The contact site A glycoprotein of Dic-tyostelium discoideum carries a phospholipid anchor of a novel type. EMBO J, 1989, 8, 371-377. 

J. Schubert, R. E. Schmidt M. E. Medof. Regulation of glycoinositol phospholipid anchor assembly in human lymphocytes. Absent mannolipid synthesis in affected T and natural killer cell lines from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients. J Biol Chem, 1993,268, 6281-6287. 

S. Hirose, G. M. Prince, D. Sevlever, L. Ravi, T. L. Rosenberry, E. Ueda M. E. Medof Characterization of putative glycoinositol phospholipid anchor precursors in mammalian cells. Localization of phosphoethanolamine. J Biol Chem, 1992, 267, 16968-16974. 

Endothelial-anchored enzyme in multiple tissues primarily responsible for hydrolysis of phospholipids in HDL. 

Endothelial-anchored enzyme in liver primarily responsible for hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids in Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL) and High Density Lipoproteins (HDL). 

A trianionic zinc porphyrin anchored to a membrane by an imidazole link has been used to bind cytochrome c at the membrane surface. UV spectra confirmed the insertion of the zinc porphyrin into the phospholipid vesicle and was used to study surface association of cytochrome c. 

Rachel, K., Asuncionpunzalan, E. and London, E. (1995) Anchoring of tryptophan and tyrosine analogs at the hydrocarbon polar boundary in model membrane-vesicles - paralax analysis of fluorescence quenching induced by nitroxide-labelled phospholipids. Biochemistry 34,15475-15479. 

This review describes recent improvements in the measurement of the passive transport of molecules across artificial phospholipid membranes anchored inside... 

In blood clotting, the binding of Ca2+ by prothrombin anchors it to phospholipid membranes derived from blood platelets, thus bringing the prothrombin close to the proteins that mediate its... 

Cytosolic CA II is widespread through tissues, the kidney possesses CA IV which is anchored to the cell membrane of the luminal PCT brush border by linkage with a membrane phospholipid, glycosylphosphatidylinositol. Such luminal positioning allows the enzyme to act upon filtered bicarbonate ions as they enter the tubule. 

Fig. 2.4. Schematic model of the molecular polymorphism of acetylcholinesterase and cholinesterase [110][112a]. Open circles represent the globular (G) catalytic subunits. Disulfide bonds are indicated by S-S. The homomeric class exists as monomers (Gl), dimers (G2), and tetramers (G4) and can be subdivided into hydrophilic (water-soluble) and amphiphilic (membrane-bound) forms. The G2 amphiphilic forms of erythrocytes have a glycophospholipid anchor. The heteromeric class exists as amphiphilic G4 and as asymmetric forms (A) containing one to three tetramers. Thus, heteromeric G4 forms found in brain are anchored into a phospholipid membrane through a 20 kDa anchor. The asymmetric A12 forms have three hydrophilic G4 heads linked to a collagen tail via disulfide bonds.

The small basic protein, cytochrome c, has often been reported to bind strongly to the acidic phospholipid, cardiolipin, rich in outer leaflet of the mitochondrial inner membrane (Gallet et al, 1997). The binding of cytochrome c to cardiolipin is very tight, apparently irreversible, and stoichiometric (Rytomaa and Kinnunen, 1995), suggesting that this unique phospholipid, cardiolipin, may anchor the small heme protein to the inner... 

As lipophilic anchors, we chose modifications with long acyl and alkyl chains, preferably of similar chain lengths as the phospholipids to allow optimal alignment with the phospholipids molecules of the liposome bilayers. 

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