Phosphine activity

For electron-poor alkynes (Scheme 2) such as acetylene carboxylic acid ethyl ester 4, the activated Au(III) catalysts lead to about 60% of the product 5 as a 3.6 1 Z/E mixture. In contrast, Au(I) complexes of phosphines activated by AgSbF6 or Lewis acids are much better suited, delivering nearly quantitative yields of 5 with complete Z-selectivity (Scheme 4) [2], Only traces of the doubly vinylated compound 6 are observed as a side product. A particularly effective Lewis acid is BF3 OEt2, which also makes the catalytic system cheaper than those using AgSbF6 as the activating agent. 

Keywords Ligand, Ether, Amine, Nucleophilic addition, Organolithium, Grignard reagent, Organozinc, Copper, Phosphorus, Conjugate addition. Alkylation, Phosphine, Activated olefin, P-Substituted carbonyl compound... 

Deoxygenation of sulfoxides. This reaction can be carried out with triphenyl-phosphine activated by iodine (1 equiv.) in refluxing acetonitrile in 10-60 minutes. Sodium iodide is added to increase the rate. Sulfides are obtained in 70-957, yield. ... 

The important differences between the Celanese and Wilkinson mechanisms (i.e., composition and coordination geometry of rrw-phosphine vs, 6/5-phosphine active species) merit further careful study. This may prove to be an area where chelating specially designed triphosphine ligands can provide definitive choices between the two mechanisms. 

Rajendran KV, Keimedy L, O Connor CT, Bergin E, Gilheany DG (2013) Systematic survey of positive chlorine sources in the asymmetric Appel reaction oxalyl chloride as a new phosphine activator. Tetrahedrrai Lett 54 7009-7012... 

For the first demonstration that phosphines activate rr-allylpalladium chloride dimers towards addition of nucleophiles, see Trost, B. M. Fullerton, T. J. /. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973,95,292, and for tiie first use of a phosphine-ligated palladium complex in catalytic allylic substitution, see Trost, B. M. Verhoeven, T. R. /. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976,98,630. For more recent uses of catalysts contaiiung achiral phosphines, see references 13-18. 

To prevent interference by ChiroCLEC, the acyl carrier intended for phosphine activation (the mixed mesitoate anhydride 212) was placed on an insoluble solid support where it can be accessed by the soluble phosphine, but not by the insoluble ChiroCLEC. Under three phase conditions, interference was prevented because the phosphine does not activate vinyl pivalate, the acyl donor intended for activation by ChiroCLEC in the form of an activated ester 214 nor does the activated acylphosphonium species 213 come into contact with the ChiroCLEC. Potential destruction of the lipase catalyst is thereby avoided, and the enantio-complementary activated intermediates convert the racemic alcohol R,S)-7 into the solid phase-bound ester 215 and the soluble pivalate 216 with excellent enantioselectivity. This is a proof-of-concept experiment that demonstrates the most difficult application, the case where two similar catalytic reactions are conducted in parallel. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrates PKR with the incorporation of achiral subunits to achieve enantiodivergence, and achieves product separation by simple filtration. 

The decomposition of the deuterium-labeled analog of 19, RuCl2(=CD2) (PCy3)2, led to the observation of a broad signal at 2.5 ppm in the H-NMR spectrum, suggesting that the decomposition of these methylidene complexes may involve the activation of phosphine C-H bonds [31]. This presumed phosphine activation could be a step in the primary decomposition pathway - a unimolecular process that includes the attack of PCyg on the methylidene - or in a secondary decomposition route. For instance, it is conceivable that some secondary decomposition of methylidene complexes may occur via a bimolecular process. 

Attention should be paid to the fact that the ratio of Pd and phosphine ligand in active catalysts is crucial for determining the reaction paths. It is believed that dba is displaced completely with phosphines when Pd2(dba)3 is mixed with phosphines in solution. However the displacement is not eom-plcte[16]. Also, it should be considered that dba itself is a monodentate alkene ligand, and it may inhibit the coordination of a sterically hindered olefinic bond in substrates. In such a case, no reaction takes place, and it is recommended to prepare Pd(0) catalysts by the reaction of Pd(OAc)2 with a definite amount of phosphinesflO]. In this way a coordinatively unsaturated Pd(0) catalyst can be generated. Preparation of Pd3(tbaa)3 tbaa == tribenzylidene-acetylacetone) was reported[17], but the complex actually obtained was Pd(dba)2[l8],... 

Phosphites, such as triisopropyl and triphenyl phosphite, are weaker electron donors than the corresponding phosphines, but they are used in some reactions because of their greater rr-accepting ability. The cyclic phosphite trimethylol-propane phosphite (TMPP) or 4-ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]oc-tane (8), which has a small cone angle and small steric hindrance, shows high catalytic activity in some reactions It is not commercially available, but can be prepared easily[27]. 

The roles of phosphines are not clearly understood and are unpredictable. Therefore, in surveying optimum conditions of catalytic reactions, it is advisable to test the activity of all these important types of phosphines and phosphites. which have different steric effects and electron-donating properties. 

Organophosphorus compounds. Phosphorus-carbon bond fonnation takes place by the reaction of various phosphorus compounds containing a P—H bond with halides or tritlates. Alkylaryl- or alkenylalkylphosphinates are prepared from alkylphosphinate[638]. The optically active isopropyl alkenyl-methylphosphinate 778 is prepared from isopropyl methylphosphinate with retention[639]. The monoaryl and symmetrical and asymmetric diarylphosphi-nates 780, 781, and 782 are prepared by the reaction of the unstable methyl phosphinate 779 with different amounts of aryl iodides. Tnmethyl orthoformate is added to stabilize the methyl phosphinate[640]. 

Phosphine oxides are prepared similarly[644]. Selective monophosphiny-lation of 2,2 -bis[(lrifluoromethanesulfonyl)oxy]-l,1 -binaphthyl (784) with diphenylphosphine oxide using dppb or dppp as a ligand takes place to give optically active 2-(diarylphosphino)-1,1 -binaphthyl (785). No bis-substitution is observed[645,646]. 

BU3P. A rapid redox reaction takes place to yield the active Pd(0) species and tributylphosphine oxide. The Pd(0) thus generated is a phosphine-free cata-lyst[341]. Severe reaction conditions are necessary, or no reaction takes place, when Pd2(dba)3 is used in the elimination reaction of cyclic allylic compounds with an excess of -Bu3P[342]. 

Unstrained difluorotetramethyldisilane (84) gives the 1 1 adduct 85 as the main product and the 1 2 adduct 86 as a minor product[78,79]. On the other hand, the dimerization and double silylation of conjugated dienes with (Me3Si)2 catalyzed by PdCl2(PhCN)2 take place at 90" C[80]. Pd(dba)2 without phosphine is an active catalyst for the reaction, which proceeds in DMF to give 87 at room temperature[81], A five-membered ring is formed by the application of the reaction to the di-(2,4-pentadienyl)malonate (69)[82]. 

Phosphorus is m the same group of the periodic table as nitrogen and tricoordi nate phosphorus compounds (phosphines) like amines are trigonal pyramidal Phos phmes however undergo pyramidal inversion much more slowly than amines and a number of optically active phosphines have been prepared... 

Rhodium Ca.ta.lysts. Rhodium carbonyl catalysts for olefin hydroformylation are more active than cobalt carbonyls and can be appHed at lower temperatures and pressures (14). Rhodium hydrocarbonyl [75506-18-2] HRh(CO)4, results in lower -butyraldehyde [123-72-8] to isobutyraldehyde [78-84-2] ratios from propylene [115-07-17, C H, than does cobalt hydrocarbonyl, ie, 50/50 vs 80/20. Ligand-modified rhodium catalysts, HRh(CO)2L2 or HRh(CO)L2, afford /iso-ratios as high as 92/8 the ligand is generally a tertiary phosphine. The rhodium catalyst process was developed joindy by Union Carbide Chemicals, Johnson-Matthey, and Davy Powergas and has been Hcensed to several companies. It is particulady suited to propylene conversion to -butyraldehyde for 2-ethylhexanol production in that by-product isobutyraldehyde is minimized. 

Pla.tinum. Platinum catalysts that utilize both phosphine and tin(Il) haUde ligands give good rates and selectivities, in contrast to platinum alone, which has extremely low or nonexistent hydroformylation activity. High specificity to the linear aldehyde from 1-pentene or 1-heptene is obtained using HPtSnClgCO(1 1P) (26), active at 100°C and 20 MPa (290 psi) producing 95% -hexanal from 1-pentene. 

Much effort has been placed in the synthesis of compounds possessing a chiral center at the phosphoms atom, particularly three- and four-coordinate compounds such as tertiary phosphines, phosphine oxides, phosphonates, phosphinates, and phosphate esters (11). Some enantiomers are known to exhibit a variety of biological activities and are therefore of interest Oas agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals (qv), etc. Homochiral bisphosphines are commonly used in catalytic asymmetric syntheses providing good enantioselectivities (see also Nucleic acids). Excellent reviews of low coordinate (coordination numbers 1 and 2) phosphoms compounds are available (12). 

In general, compounds having an active phosphoms—metal linkage react with alkyl haUdes. Such compounds include alkaU or alkaline-earth phosphides or phosphine derivatives, eg, Na P, PH2Na, XMgPR2, or... 

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