Phosphated surfactants phosphation processes

Sorbitan stearate Sucrose laurate TEA-oleate surfactant, food packaging Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate surfactant, food processing Benzalkonium chloride Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate Sodium glyceryl oleate phosphate surfactant, food-contact coatings Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate PEG tetramethyl decynediol Sodium lauryl sulfate Tetramethyl decynediol surfactant, forest prods. 

Anionic, cationic, and nonionic fluorinated surfactants are used in various metal treatment processes. Metal surfaces are treated to prevent corrosion, reduce mechanical wear, or enhance the aesthetic appearance. Fluorinated surfactants are used in the phosphating process for aluminum and in bright dips for copper and brass. Some fluorinated surfactants (e.g., the anionic surfactants Zonyl FSA and Zonyl FSP) are strongly adsorbed on metals and provide water and solvent repel-lency [1]. 

Most of the phosphate esters are used in the production of hydrauHc fluids (qv), plastic and elastomer additives, flame retardants (qv), oil stabilizers, pesticides (qv), and medicinal intermediates (see Surfactants). Some trialkyl phosphates, OP(OR)2, are outstanding solvents for nitrates, especially (UO2) (N02)2, and therefore are important in uranium processing (see Extraction). 

The ITIES with an adsorbed monolayer of surfactant has been studied as a model system of the interface between microphases in a bicontinuous microemulsion [39]. This latter system has important applications in electrochemical synthesis and catalysis [88-92]. Quantitative measurements of the kinetics of electrochemical processes in microemulsions are difficult to perform directly, due to uncertainties in the area over which the organic and aqueous reactants contact. The SECM feedback mode allowed the rate of catalytic reduction of tra 5-l,2-dibromocyclohexane in benzonitrile by the Co(I) form of vitamin B12, generated electrochemically in an aqueous phase to be measured as a function of interfacial potential drop and adsorbed surfactants [39]. It was found that the reaction at the ITIES could not be interpreted as a simple second-order process. In the absence of surfactant at the ITIES the overall rate of the interfacial reaction was virtually independent of the potential drop across the interface and a similar rate constant was obtained when a cationic surfactant (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide) was adsorbed at the ITIES. In contrast a threefold decrease in the rate constant was observed when an anionic surfactant (dihexadecyl phosphate) was used. 

In the negative FIA-MS spectra, the sulfate, phosphate and carboxylate of these anionic alkylphenol ether derivatives in parallel to the aliphatic ethoxy surfactants show equally spaced signals with Am/z 44. However, according to the ionisation method applied—APCI or ESI in the negative or positive mode—and also that observed in the ionisation process of AES, equally spaced signals came either from the anionic compounds themselves or from the alkylphenol ethers... 

Nonionic surfactants, as mentioned previously, have been widely adopted due to their characteristics and properties and, in particular, because they do not require the presence of undesirable phosphate or caustic builders in detergent formulation. However, the relatively lesser degree of biodegradability is an important disadvantage of the nonionic surfactants compared to the ionic ones. Adsorption on activated carbon and various types of clay particles is, therefore, one of the processes that has been effective in removing heterodisperse nonionic... 

Industrial surfactants find uses in almost every industry, from asphalt manufacturing to carpet fibers, from pulp and paper production to leather processing. Examples of the types of chemicals used as surfactants are fatty alcohol sulfates, alkanolamides, alkoxylates, sulfosuccinates, amines, quaternaries, phosphate esters, acid esters, blockcopolymers, betaines, imidazolines, alkyl sulfonates, etc. 

In our attempts to synthesize nano structured or even nanoporous chromium (III) oxide we used a great variety of surfactants (amines, polyethylen oxides, carboxylates, sulfates, phosphates and quartemary alkylammonium salts) and Cr3+ precursors (nitrate, acetate, acetylacetonate and iso-propyl ate) to obtain the desired materials [19]. Different kinds of interaction are established throughout the structure-directing process such as electrostatic (S+... 

---