Phleum pratense

Bender, M.M. Berge, AJ. (1979). Influence of N and K fertilization and growth temperature on ratios of timothy Phleum pratense L.). Oecologia, 44,... 

Fig. 2 Relative effects of rhamnetin, isorhamnetin and total extract from pollen of Phleum pratense on in vitro germination of pollen of Elytrigia repens. Data points are means and standard errors from 50 replicate samples.

Equivalent amounts of blank or extract (microlitres) from pollen of Phleum pratense added... 

Murphy, S. D. and Aarssen, L. W. (1989). Pollen allelopathy among sympatric grassland species In vitro evidence in Phleum pratense L. New Phytologist 112 295-305. 

Intercropping is most successful when the two crops have the complementary growth and resource needs, e.g., Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum Lam.) was too competitive with the timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.), therefore it should not be recommended as a companion crop for timothy establishment (Jefferson et al. 2000). 

Voles M.pennsylvanicus) suffer renal lesions (interstitial nephritis) when fed extracts of white clover, T. repens. Milder lesions were observed after feeding on reed phalaris Phalaris arundinacea) and timothy Phleum pratense). Many varieties of reed phalaris contain the toxic compoimds gramine and tryptamine (Fig.11.15). In summer and autumn, protein levels in the leaves decrease, fiber content goes up, and secondary compoimds increase in concentration. Therefore, second growth plants have more toxic effects on voles than the spring plants that grow fast and have lower levels of secondary compounds (Bergeron etal, 1987). 

Phleum pratense Epiehloe typhina ethyl mtm-9,10-epoxy-11-oxoundecanoate, ethyl 9-oxononanoate, ethyl azelate, hydroxydihydrobovolide, gamahonolide A B 203... 

Lignans Phleum pratense Epichloe typhina chokorin 67, 246... 

Phenolics Phleum pratense Epichloe typhina -hydroxybenzoic acid, -hydroxyphenylacetic acid, tyrosol, cis-and tranS p CoumaFic acid 246... 

Phenylpropanoids Phleum pratense Epichloe typhina 1,3 and 1,2-O-di-trans-p-coumaroylglycerol 203... 

Sesquiterpenes Phleum pratense Epichloe typhina chokol A-G 67... 

Secondly, a biosynthetic investigation on lignin variation was undertaken using maize internodes. Maize internodes were examined in this study since (a) fewer plants were required for analysis (greater biomass) and (b) possible variations between normal and b.m-mutants (21) could be studied. Lignin contents and monomer composition were compared between internodes, both being collected at the top and the bottom of the maize stem. These plant parts were chosen because of differences in the digestibility of different internodes as documented for Timothy (Phleum pratense)... 

Avers, C. J. and Goodwin, R. H. 1956. Studies on roots. IV. Effects of coumarin and scopoletin on the standard root growth pattern of Phleum pratense. Amer. J. Bot. 43, 612-620... 

Electron micrograph of a chloroplast. The thylakoid membranes course throughout the stroma of a chloroplast from a cell of Phleum pratense, a grass. The dark areas of stacked thylakoid membrane are grana. Several large starch granules, which store the newly synthesized glucose, are also obvious. [Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers.]... 

Plant tissues and soil samples from nine long-term (>50 years) soil fertility plots in the United States were analyzed for Ra by a Rn bubbler tube method and for U and Th by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrophotometry. The triple superphosphate (TSP) used for these studies, made from Florida phosphate rock, had been applied at rates of about 30 kg P ha annually. Results showed that there were no differences in U, Ra, or Th concentrations in com (Zea mays L.) leaves or grain, soybean (Glycine max. L. Merr.) leaves or grain, or timothy (Phleum pratense L.) forage grown on non-fertilized or TSP-fertilized soil (Mortvedt and Sikora, 1992). 

The mode of substitutions of the molecules may trigger effects on monocots and dicots. Thus, 5-chloro-6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone was fovmd to be especially toxic to the monocots Avena sativa, Phleum pratense L., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., and Lolium multiflorum Lam. [99]. The dicots Amaranthus caudatus L., Lepidium sativum, and Lactuca sativa were less affected. The molecular reasons for the switch in sensitivity were, however, not discussed. 

Koshino H, Yoshihara T, Okuno M, Sakamura S, Tajimi A, Shimanuki T. Gamahonolides A, B, and gamahorin, novel antifungal compounds from stromata of Epichloe typhina on Phleum pratense. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 56 1096-1099, 1992a. 

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