Phenotyping of human immunodeficiency virus

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Kellam, P. and Larder, B. A. (1994) Recombinant virus assay a rapid, phenotypic assay for assessment of drug susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 23-30. 

R. L., Snyder, A., Strizki, J. M., Riley, J., Baroudy, B. M., Wilson, I. A., Korber, B.T., Wolinsky, S.M., and Moore, J.P. (2004). Genetic and phenotypic analyses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 escape from small-molecule CCR inhibitor. J. Virol. 78 2790-2807. 

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Hertogs K, de Bethune MP, Miller V, Ivens T, Schel P, Van Cauwenberge A, Van Den Eynde C, Van Gerwen V, Azijn H, Van Houtte M, Peelers F, Staszewski S, Conant M, Bloor S, Kemp S, Larder B, Pauwels R (1998) A rapid method for simultaneous detection of phenotypic resistance to inhibitors of protease and reverse transcriptase in recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients treated with antiretroviral drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 269-276... 

HIV phenotype A type of resistance testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which a patient s blood sample is obtained, and the patient s HIV genes that encode for reverse transcriptase and protease are removed and placed in an HIV viral vector. This viral vector is replicated in a cell culture system with varying concentrations of antiretrovirals. A drug concentration-viral inhibition curve is developed and the concentration needed to inhibit 50% of the patient s virus is reported. This is used to predict resistance versus susceptibility. 

HIV virtual phenotype A database of matching human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genotypes and phenotypes is developed. When an HIV genotype for a patient is obtained, the database is used to predict the patient s phenotype based on their actual genotype using matches that occur in the database. 

Karlsson I, Antonsson L, Shi Y, et al. Coevolution of RANTES sensitivity and mode of CCR5 receptor use by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 of the R5 phenotype. J Virol 2004 78(21) 11807-11815. 

Saunders CJ, McCaffrey RA, Zharkikh I, et al. The VI, V2, and V3 regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope differentially affect the viral phenotype in an isolate-dependent manner. J Virol 2005 79(14) 9069-9080. 

Resch W, Hoffman N, Swanstrom R. Improved success of phenotype prediction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from envelope variable loop 3 sequence using neural networks. Virology 2001 288(l) 51-62. 

Zhang PF, Bouma P, Park EJ, et al. A variable region 3 (V3) mutation determines a global neutralization phenotype and CD4-independent infectivity of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope associated with a broadly cross-reactive, primary virus-neutralizing antibody response. J Virol 2002 76(2) 644-655. 

Scripture-Adams DD, Brooks DG, Korin YD, Zack JA (2002) Interleukin-7 induces expression of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with minimal effects on T-cell phenotype. I Virol 76 13077-13082... 

Hertogs K, Bloor S, De Vroey V, van Den Eynde C, Dehertogh P, van Cauwenberge A, et al. A novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mutational pattern confers phenotypic lamivudine resistance in the absence of mutation 184V. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 44 568-73. 

Reimann KA, Chernoff M, Wilkening CL et al (2000) Preservation of lymphocyte immuno-phenotype and proliferative responses in cryo-preserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected donors implications for multicenter clinical trials. The ACTG Immunology Advanced Technology Laboratories. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7 352-359... 

McCullough, M. Ross, B. Dwyer, B. Reade, P. "Genotype and phenotype of oral Candida albicans from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus", Microbiology, 1994,140, 1195-1202. 

Edinger AL, Mankowski JL, Doranz BJ, et al. CD4-independent, CCR5-dependent infection of brain capillary endothelial cells by a neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus strain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 94 14742-14747. Dumonceaux J, Nisole S, Chanel C, et al. Spontaneous mutations in the env gene of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 NDK isolate are associated with a CD4-independent entry phenotype. J Virol 1998 72 512-519. 

Bjorndal, A., Deng, H., Jansson, M., Fiore, J. R., Colognesi, C., Karlsson, A., et al. (1997) Coreceptor usage of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates varies according to biological phenotype. J. Virol. 71, 7478-7487. 

Fouchier, R. A., Groenink, M., Kootstra, N. A., Tersmette, M., Huisman, H. G., et al. (1992) Phenotype-associated sequence variation in the third variable domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl20 molecule. J. Virol. 66, 3183-3187. 

Este, J., Cabrera, C., Blanco, J., Gutierrez, A., Bridger, G., Henson, G., Clotet, B., Schols, D., and De Clercq, E. (1999). Shift of clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from X4 to R5 and prevention of emergence of the syncythium-inducing phenotype by blockade of CXCR4. J. Virol. 73, 5577-5585. 

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