Phenotypes Phenotypic variation

Martmez-Granero F, S Capdevila, M Sanchez-Contreras, M Martin, R Rivilla (2005) Two site-specific recom-binases are implicated in phenotypic variation and competitive rhizosphere colonization in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Microbiology (UK) 151 975-983. 

Freeman, R. Sisson, P. R. Ward, A. C. Hetherington, C. Phenotypic variation as a significant within-strain factor in comparisons of bacteria based on pyrolysis-mass spectrometry. /. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 1994, 28, 29-37. 

A core assumption of ultra-Darwinism is that if not all, then most observed characters must be adaptive, so as to provide the phenotypic material upon which natural selection can act. However, what constitutes a character - and what constitutes an adaptation - is as much in the eye of the beholder as in the organism that is beheld, as Gould and Lewontin pointed out in their famous paper on spandrels (Gould and Lewontin, 1979). Natural selection s continual scrutiny does not give it an a la carte freedom to accept or reject genotypic or phenotypic variation. Structural constraints insist that evolutionary, genetic mechanisms are not infinitely flexible but must work within the limits of what is physically or chemically possible (for instance, the limits to the size of a single cell occasioned by the physics of diffusion processes, the size of a crustacean like a lobster or crab by the constraints... 

Zeven AC (1997) The introduction of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) into Western Europe and the phenotypic variation of dry beans collected in the Netherlands in 1946. Euphytica 94 319-328... 

Most previous work on rat MUPs has been conducted with inbred or relatively inbred laboratory rat strains that are likely to exhibit considerably reduced phenotypic variation relative to the wild population, as we see in mice. As an initial exploration of MUP expression, we analysed urine from nine wild-caught male rats captured from several different populations in northern UK by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF). The protein banding pattern was very similar between individuals, consisting of two major and several minor bands. Peptide mass... 

Arnold TM, Tanner CE, Hatch WI (1995) Phenotypic variation in polyphenolic content of the tropical brown algae Lobophora variegata as a function of nitrogen availability. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 123 177-183... 

Van Swieten, J.C., Rosso, S.M., van Herpen, E., Kamphorst, W., Ravid, R., Heutink, P. (2004) Phenotypic variation in frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord., 17, 261-264. 

The chemical composition of a glandular secretion may vary considerably between species. Very little is known yet on such differences in vertebrates, where known, it is not clear whether the differences are genetically controlled, the result of different diets or other ecological or phenotypical variation, or, finally, a combination of different factors. 

Wolf, S.S., Jones, D.W, Knable, M.B., Gorey, J.G., Lee, K.S., Hyde, T.M., Coppola, R., and Weinberger, D.R. (1996) Tourette syndrome prediction of phenotypic variation in monozygotic twins by caudate nucleus D2 receptor binding. Science 273 1225-1227. 

Harris, P. J. (2005). Diversity in plant eell walls. In R. J. Henry (Ed.), Plant diversity and evolution genotypic and phenotypic variation in higher plants (pp. 201-227). CAB International Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 

Genetic defects in the degradation of glycoproteins are representative of lysosomal storage disorders. Each disease is caused by a deficiency of a lysosomal hydrolase, accumulation and urinary excretion of substrates, a progressive clinical course and considerable phenotypic variation. These disorders also manifest the clinical symptoms normally associated with genetic mucopolysaccharidoses, namely coarse facies, dysostosis multiplex and/or ocular involvement. 

Vanier MT, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Rousson R, Gazzah N, Juge M-C, Pentchev PG, Revol A, Louisot P (1991) Type C Niemann-Pick disease spectrum of phenotypic variation in disruption of intracellular LDL-derived cholesterol processing. Biochim Biophys Acta 1096 328-337... 

Ikeda, S., Shigihara, T., Mayuzumi, N., Yu, X., and Ogawa, H., 2001, Mutations of ATP2C1 in Japanese patients with Hailey-Hailey disease intrafamilial and interfamilial phenotype variations and lack of correlation with mutation patterns. J Invest Dermatol, 117 1654-6. 

Phenotypically uniform Phenotypic variation essentially only due to environmental factors... 

Phenotypic variation is due to both genetic and environmental factors... 

Miller CH, Graham JB, Goldin LR, Elston RC, Genetics of classic von Willebrand s disease, I, Phenotype variation within families. Blood 1979 54 1 17-136. 

It has been evident for several decades that individuals differ markedly, one from the other, in their ability to metabolize drugs and other foreign chemicals (collectively termed xenobiotics ). As described elsewhere in this volume, phenotypic variation in drug metabolism and drug response can have profound clinical implications (1-3). Hence it is important to decipher the mechanisms responsible for interindividual variation. 

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