Phenolic resin, synthesis

Forms of formaldehyde used in phenolic resin synthesis ... 

Uses Resin chemical intermediate for phenolic resin synthesis and modification, varnishes and impregnating materials, plasticizers, gennicides, insecticides, coloring material, indelible inks, lubricants, preservatives raw material for surfactants, antioxidants, anticorrosives lubricant additive resin modifier cosolvent for insecticides Manuf/Distrib. Arista Ind. 

Figure 33-4. Relationship between the growth, G (in % increase in production per year) and age, A (in years), of an industry since the introduction of the first large-scale technological process. For thermoplasts and thermosets, PL, this is the commercial phenolic resin synthesis, for glass, GL, it is the bottle production by molding process, for aluminum, Al, it is the electrolysis process, for paper, PR, it is the paper machine, and for iron, Fe, it is the use of coke. (After G. R. Snelling.)...

Chemical Structure of Phenolic Compounds Substituted at the Para Position for Phenolic Resin Synthesis (4-Nonylphenol (IX 4-(l,l-Dimethylethyl)phenol (2),... 

Ramires E C and Frollini E (2012), Tannin-phenolic resins Synthesis, characterization, and application as matrix in biobased composites reinforced with sisal fibers . Composites Part B, 43(7), 2851-2860. 

Chen-Chi M. Ma, Han-Thing Tseng and Hew-Der Wu, Blocked diisocyanate polyester-toughened Novolac-type phenolic resin Synthesis, characterization, and properties of composites . Journal of Polymer Science, Part B Polymer Physics, 1998, 36,10. 

The polybenzoxazines (PBZs) provide a new class of phenolic resins that were first described by Ishida in 1998 (Ref. 15). Synthesis of the resins involves three components a phenol, a primary amine and formaldehyde. The first stage involves the formation of a multifunctional benzoxazine monomer Figure 23.30 a)). The monomer can then be ring-opened at elevated temperatures (160-220 C) to yield a polymeric stmcture (Figure 23.30(b)). 

By far the preponderance of the 3400 kt of current worldwide phenolic resin production is in the form of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) reaction products. Phenol and formaldehyde are currently two of the most available monomers on earth. About 6000 kt of phenol and 10,000 kt of formaldehyde (100% basis) were produced in 1998 [55,56]. The organic raw materials for synthesis of phenol and formaldehyde are cumene (derived from benzene and propylene) and methanol, respectively. These materials are, in turn, obtained from petroleum and natural gas at relatively low cost ([57], pp. 10-26 [58], pp. 1-30). Cost is one of the most important advantages of phenolics in most applications. It is critical to the acceptance of phenolics for wood panel manufacture. With the exception of urea-formaldehyde resins, PF resins are the lowest cost thermosetting resins available. In addition to its synthesis from low cost monomers, phenolic resin costs are often further reduced by extension with fillers such as clays, chalk, rags, wood flours, nutshell flours, grain flours, starches, lignins, tannins, and various other low eost materials. Often these fillers and extenders improve the performance of the phenolic for a particular use while reducing cost. 

This chapter emphasizes the recent mechanistic and kinetic findings on phenolic oligomer syntheses and network formation. The synthesis and characterization of both novolac- and resole-type phenolic resins and dieir resulting networks are described. Three types of networks, novolac-hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA),... 

A Statistical study of phenol-formaldehyde resol resin synthesis reaction... 

N. Huang. Synthesis of fluid loss additive of sulfonate tannic-phenolic resin. Oil Drilling Prod Technol, 18(2) 39-42,106-107, 1996. 

The use of the phenyl phosphate group as both a solid support attachment site and a crucial binding element represents what has been referred to as a pharmacophore-linking strategy [26]. We explored a variety of phenyl phosphate tether functionalities to provide resins varying in substitution pattern and in chemical flexibility (Scheme 1 and Table 4) [22]. All phenyl phosphate resins were synthesized in batch quantities of 20 g or more. Resin synthesis began with the addition of either /mnethoxy-benzyl alcohol or benzyl alcohol to commercially available bis(diisopro-pylamino)chlorophosphine, followed by addition of the diversity phenol [(Ri)-OFl, DIAT (diisopropylamino tetrazole)]. Displacement of the... 

Nucleophile substitution of the T1 resin synthesis of phenols, biaryls, alkyl arenes, azides, aromatic hydrazines, halides, ester, azo compounds cinnolines, benzotriazoles [129-137, 140, 141]... 

Ceresa (112) used the mechanical synthesis of natural rubber with phenolic resins to achieve rubber reinforcement by the generation of gel. The reaction was... 

Resin synthesis of OSL-modified phenol-formaldehyde resins. 

It is used in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), in the manufacture of copolymers with, for example, aciv lic acid, acrylates, vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile and in the synthesis of phenolic resins. About 10-15% of the monomer is used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of PVP-iodine complex used as a disinfectant. It is also used as a reactive solvent of ultraviolet-curable resins for the production of printing inks and paints as paper and textile auxiliaries, and as an additive in the cosmetics industry (Harreus, 1993). 

Allyl chloride is used to make intermediates for downstream derivatives such as resins and polymers. Approximately 90% of allyl chloride production is used to synthesize epichlorohydrin, which is used as a basic building block for epoxy resins and in glycerol synthesis. Allyl chloride is also a starting material for allyl ethers of phenols, bisphenol A and phenolic resins, and for some allyl esters. Other compounds made from allyl chloride are quaternary amines used in chelating agents and quaternary ammonium salts, which are used in water clarification and sewage sludge flocculation (Kneupper Saathoff, 1993). 

Phenolic resins (Baekeland) Neoarsphenamine (Ehrlich) Aldehydes, alcohols (Oxo synthesis) Insulin (Banting)... 

For phenolic resins of the resols type, numerous voids (a few micrometers in size) are formed during the synthesis. The average diameter and distribution of voids depend strongly on the cure cycle their presence, together with the high values of crosslink density, explain the low fracture resistance of these networks (Wolfram et al., 1999). 

Only a few studies have tackled the problem of deriving a detailed kinetic model of the phenol-formaldehyde reactive system, mainly because of its complexity. In recent years, a generalized procedure has been reported in [11,14] that allows one to build a detailed model for the synthesis of resol-type phenolic resins. This procedure is based on a group contribution method and virtually allows one to estimate the kinetic parameters of every possible reaction taking place in the system. 

Phenolic resins for plywood are typically caustic-catalyzed phenol-formaldehyde resoles. Typical resins are water solutions containing 40-44 percent resin solids composed of 23 - 25 percent phenol, 5-7 percent sodium hydroxide and 10 - 12 percent formaldehyde. The ratio of formaldehyde to phenol in a resin has a decided effect on performance characteristics as does the synthesis procedure used in manufacturing the resin. 

Phenol is used in the manufacture of formaldehyde resins, bisphenol A, caprolactam, aniline, xylenols, and alkylphenols. Phenol-formaldehyde polymers (phenolic resins) have a primary use as the adhesive in plywood formulations. The use of phenol in detergent synthesis to make alkylphenols is an important aspect of phenol utility. 

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