Phenolic biocides

Phenolic biocides are still used extensively throughout the Figure 4 PCMC metalworking industry to preserve aqueous based metalworking fluids. One of the most commonly used phenolic biocides is p-chloro-m-cresol, (see PCMC, Figure 4). 

Bacteria grown under different conditions may show wide response to biocides. For example, fattened cells of Staph, aureus obtained by repeated subculturing in glycerol-containing media are more resistant to benzylpenicillin and higher phenols. 

The trend from heavy metal and phenolic based biocides, e.g. mercury and pentachlorophenol types, to more environmentally acceptable but less persistent organic types, requires more attention to plant hygiene (Figure 6, Briggs, 1980). 

Water emissions from paper production softeners (BPA), other phenolic compounds (NPE, APE), other surfactants (LAS), biocides (benzothiazoler, dibromo compounds), wood extractions (terpenoids, resin acids) and more... 

Other biocidal agents that can be used in closed industrial water systems include copper(II) salts (which, however, can cause corrosion of metals), chlorinated phenols such as sodium pentachlorophenate (NaOCfiCls, which is toxic), and quaternary ammonium salts (lUN+X-). 

Phenol has a wide range of uses, including in the preparation of phenolic and epoxy resins (bisphenol-A), nylon-6 (caprolactam), 2,4-D, selective solvents for refining lubricating oils, adipic acid, salicylic acid, phenolphthalein, pentachlorophenol and other derivatives in germicidal paints as a laboratory reagent and in dyes and indicators and as a slimicide, biocide and general disinfectant (Lewis, 1993). The world demand for phenol by use in 1993 was reported as (%) phenolic resins, 35 bisphenol-A, 30 caprolactam, 15 alkylphenols, 7 aniline, 5 and others, 8 (Wallace, 1996). 

The 1978 Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality included phenols (for organoleptic reasons), biocides, and THMs. Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) was included because of its use as a constituent ofdaundry detergents, most of which are disposed into surface waters. Studies with rodents have shown that very large doses of NTA can result in an increased incidence of urinary tract tumors. THMs were included because of their production during the process of chlorine disinfection. 

Among the abiotic factors most widely used to manipulate and vary the metabolism of phenolics, are biocides, primarily herbicides and fungicides, and different nutrients. 

Phenols and Their Derivatives (Other than Biocides) 240... 

As a way of overcoming the problems mentioned above, we first created an inclusion complex that was extremely effective in stabilizing Cl-MIT and reducing its irritant properties. [3] However, despite being able to develop the production process commercially, the initial host compound was a halide which was complicated to produce, so it was necessary to develop a new host compound that is less hazardous to the environment and is easy to manufacture. With this aim, we investigated the new hosts that form inclusion complexes with Cl-MIT, using various nonhalide phenol or carboxylic acid compounds which are easily available commercially. We found out that ten types of compound form inclusion complexes with Cl-MIT. We then evaluated the performance of these inclusion complexes, and consequently it became clear that 4,4 -ethylidenebisphenol is the most efficient host. Also, we succeeded in commercially producing a new biocide complex. 

Tackifiers are used to increase the tackiness and the setting speed of adhesives. They increase tackiness by softening the poly(vinyl acetate) polymer in the wet and the dry adhesive film. Tackifiers are usually rosin or its derivatives or phenolic resins. Other additives frequently needed for specific application and service conditions are antifoams, biocides, wetting agents, and humectants. 

Mechanisms of Direct Photolysis of Biocides Based on Halogenated Phenols... 

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