Phenanthrene functions

Poly(arylene ether ketone)s can also be modified by introducing the functional groups using similar approaches to polysulfones. For example, poly(arylene ether ketone)s were sulfonated.189 In addition, o-dibenzoylbenzene moieties in the poly(arylene ether)s can be transformed to heterocycles by cyclization with small molecules. These polymers can react with hydrazine monohydrate in the presence of a mild acid in chlorobenzene or with benzylamine in a basic medium.190 Another example of the use of the o-benzyl cyclization strategy is the intramolecular ring closure of poly(arylene ketone)s containing 2,2/-dibenzoylbiphenyl units to form poly(arylene ether phenanthrenes).191... 

Interference with corticosteroid function and the stress response has been shown for a variety of chemicals, including the pharmaceutical salicylate (Gravel and Vijayan 2006) and the PAH, phenanthrene (Monteiro et al. 2000a, 2000b). Other classes of chemicals shown to have significant effects on cortisol levels include PCBs and PAHs (Hontela et al. 1992,1997). The precise mechanisms for these effects are poorly understood, but for PCBs, are believed to be via their actions through the Ah receptor (Aluru and Vijayan 2006). 

Martin, J. M. L., El-Yazal, J., Francois, J.-P, 1996, Structure and Vibrational Spectrum of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Studied by Density Functional Theory. 1. Naphtalene, Azolene, Phenanthrene, and Anthracene , J. Phys. Chem., 100, 15358. 

The hydrogenation of phenanthrene proceeds stepwise leading predominantly to the sym-octahydro-stage rather than the asymmetrical form [J>]. Either form can function as an excellent donor solvent. 

Hegeman, W.J.M., van der Weijden, C.H., Loch, J.P.G. (1995) Sorption of benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene on suspended harbor sediment as a function of suspended sediment concentration and salinity A laboratory study using the cosolvent partition coefficient. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 363-371. 

Micelles forming above the c.m.c. incorporate hydrophobic molecules in addition to those dissolved in the aqueous phase, which results in apparently increased aqueous concentrations. It has to be noted, however, that a micelle-solubilised chemical is not truly water-dissolved, and, as a consequence, is differently bioavailable than a water-dissolved chemical. The bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds was, for instance, reduced by the addition of surfactant micelles when no excess separate phase compound was present and water-dissolved molecules became solubilised by the micelles [69], In these experiments, bacterial uptake rates were a function of the truly water-dissolved substrate concentration. It seems therefore that micellar solubilisation increases bioavailability only when it transfers additional separate phase substrate into the aqueous phase, e.g. by increasing the rates of desorption or dissolution, and when micelle-solubilised substrate is efficiently transferred to the microorganisms. Theoretically, this transfer can occur exclusively via the water phase, involving release of substrate molecules from micelles, molecular diffusion through the aqueous phase and microbial uptake of water-dissolved molecules. This was obviously the case, when bacterial uptake rates of naphthalene and phenanthrene responded directly to micelle-mediated lowered truly water-dissolved concentrations of these chemicals [69]. These authors concluded from their experiments that micellar naphthalene and phenanthrene had to leave the micellar phase and diffuse through the water phase to become... 

Figure 3.3 SPMD-water partition coefficients (ml mL units) as a function of log Kqw for PAHs—filled circles Huckins et al. (1999), filled triangles Huckins et al. (2004) phenanthrene, PCB 52, and p,p -DDE—open triangles Huckins et al. (2002a) chlorobenzenes, PAHs, and PCBs—squares Booij et al. (2003a) pesticides—filled diamonds Sabaliunas and Sodergren (1997) and HCHs—open diamonds Vrana and Schiiurmann (2002). Additional kjw data were calculated for PCBs (asterisks) and alkylated benzenes (crosses) using the fCmw data from Lefkovitz et al. (1996) and Reynolds et al. (1990), and the data from Chiou (1985).

The oxidation of Me2S2 in the presence of aromatics with an increased electron density at several carbons, such as acenaphthylene or phenanthrene, and pyridine leads to similar products of vicinal functionalization (Scheme 32) [128]. 

Phenanthrene will not hydrolyze in water because it does not contain a hydrolyzable function group. 

Lithium aluminum hydride reduced p-benzoquinone to hydroquinone (yield 70%) [576] and anthraquinone to anthrahydroquinone in 95% yield [576]. Tin reduced p-benzoquinone to hydroquinone in 88% yield [174] Procedure 35, p. 214). Stannous chloride converted tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone to hexa-hydroxybenzene in 70-77% yield [929], and 1,4-naphthoquinone to 1,4-di-hydroxynaphthalene in 96% yield [180]. Other reagents suitable for reduction of quinones are titanium trichloride [930], chromous chloride [187], hydrogen sulfide [248], sulfur dioxide [250] and others. Yields are usually good to excellent. Some of the reagents reduce the quinones selectively in the presence of other reducible functions. Thus hydrogen sulfide converted 2,7-dinitro-phenanthrene quinone to 9,10-dihydroxy-2,7-dinitrophenanthrene in 90% yield [248]. 

FIGURE 9.64 Plot of logKp for 10 PAHs in ambient air samples collected at seven sites worldwide as a function of calculated values of log KI)A. FLE fluorene, PH phenanthrene, AN anthracene, PY pyrene, FL fluoranthene, BaA benz a anthracene, CHR chrysene, BaP benzo a pyrene, BeP benzo e pyrene, BkF benzo k fluoranthene (adapted from Finizio ei al., 1997). 

Milton Denekas Isn t the solubility of coal in phenanthrene a function of temperature of extraction, and therefore a partial thermal cracking process Isn t this reaction somewhat different from the action of tetralin on coals since the latter solvent has hydrogen available for hydrogenation ... 

The objectives of this work were to (1) study the equilibrium sorption characteristics of an anionic surfactant (SDS) and a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) to kaolinite, a common soil mineral, as a function of solution chemistry (2) examine the equilibrium partitioning of two HOCs (phenanthrene and naphthalene) to the surfactant micelles and sorbed... 

Table 1. Calculated Tcs (K) for the monoanions of acene- and phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons as a function of n 0) and /a ...

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