Phenanthrene, biodegradable

Mohammed SA, Sorensen DL, Sims RC, et al. 1998. Pentachlorophenol and phenanthrene biodegradation in creosote contaminated aquifer material. Chemosphere 37(1) 103-111. 

Feng Y, Park JH, Voice TC, Boyd SA (2000) Bioavailability of soil-sorbed biphenyl to bacteria. Environ Sci Technol 34 1977-1984 Friedrich M, Grosser RJ, Kern EA, Inskeep WP, Ward DM (2000) Effect of model sorptive phases on phenanthrene biodegradation molecular analysis of enrichments and isolates suggests selection based on bioavailability. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 2703-2710... 

Sherrill T. W. and Sayler G. S. (1981) Phenanthrene biodegradation in frediwater environments. AppL Environ. 

A series of related experiments investigated nonionic surfactant sorption onto soil, mechanisms of nonionic surfactant solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds from soil, and microbial mineralization of phenanthrene in soil-aqueous systems with nonionic surfactants. Surfactant solubilization of PAH from soil at equilibrium can be characterized with a physicochemical model by using parameters obtained from independent tests in aqueous and soil-aqueous systems. The microbial degradation of phenanthrene in soil-aqueous systems is inhibited by addition of alkyl ethoxylate, alkylphenyl ethoxylate, or sorbitan- (Tween-) type nonionic surfactants at doses that result in micellar solubilization of phenanthrene from soil. Available data suggest that the inhibitory effect on phenanthrene biodegradation is reversible and not a specific, toxic effect. 

Different Tween-type nonionic surfactants enhanced phenanthrene biodegradation Surfactant solubilization of HCs increases bioavailability 29... 

Munoz R, Rolvering C, Guieysse B, Mattiasson B. (2005). Aerobic phenanthrene biodegradation in a two-phase partitioning bioreactor. Water Science and Technology 52 265-271. 

Fluorescence spectra of phenanthrene in LMWOA solution Control experiments showed that malic acid, citric acid and butylic acid had little effect on the spectral characteristics of phenanthrene or its fluorimetric determination. Measurement of phenanthrene biodegradation by fluorescence method. 50.0 mL MSM were added to each incubation flask the final concentration of phenanthrene was 1000 u g/L. After sterilization at 121 C for 15 min, the bacterial strain was inoculated into individual incubation flasks and incubated on a rotary shaking incubator at 25 °C and 150 rpm in the dark. The biodegradation rate of phenanthrene was monitored directly by the fluorescence method without solvent extraction. 

Effects of LMWOA on phenanthrene biodegradation using a fluorescence method are reported in this work. It can be concluded that both malic acid and citric acid have positive effect on biodegradation of pheneanthrene. However, butylic acid restrained the biodegradation of phenanthrene. Further research is needed to explain the results in these experiments and discover the mechanism in it. 

Fig. 4. Effects of malic acid on phenanthrene biodegradation (malic acid a, 400 b, 1200 c, 2400 pmol/L).

Niqui-Arroyo JL, Bueno-Montes M, Posada-Baquero R, Ortega-Calvo JJ. (2006). Electrokinetic enhancement of phenanthrene biodegradation in creosote-poUuted clay soil. Environmental Pollution 142 326-332. 

Zhang Y, WJ Maier, RM Miller (1997) Effect of rhamnolipids on the dissolution, bioavailability and biodegradation of phenanthrene. Environ Sci Technol 31 2211-2217. 

Tatarko M, JA Bumpus (1993) Biodegradation of phenanthrene by Phanerochaete chrysporium on the role of lignin peroxidase. Lett Appl Microbiol 17 20-24. 

Increased removal of phenanthrene from soil columns spiked with the rhamnolipid mixture synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 has been demonstrated, and shown to depend both on the increased desorption of the substrate and on partitioning into micelles (Noordman et al. 1998). However, the addition of the biosurfactant from the same strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 or of sodium dodecyl sulfate had no effect on the rate of biodegradation of anthracene and phenanthrene from a chronically contaminated soil. 

Brodkorb TS, RL Legge (1992) Enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil tar-contaminated soils supplemented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 3117-3121. 

Grimberg SJ, WT Stringfellow, MD Aitken (1996) Qnantifying the biodegradation of phenanthrene by Pseudomonas stutzeri P 16 in the presence of a nonionic snrfactant. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 2387-2392. 

Carroquino, M.J. and M. Alexander. 1998. Factors affecting the biodegradation of phenanthrene initially dissolved in different nonaqueous-phase liquids. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 265-270. 

Guha, S. and Jaffe, P. R. (1996). Biodegradation kinetics of phenanthrene partitioned into the micellar phase of nonionic surfactants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 605 611. 

Guha, S., Peters, C. A. and Jaffe, P. R. (1999). Multisubstrate biodegradation kinetics of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene mixtures, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 65, 491-499. 

Thomas et al. (43) showed that phenanthrene is actively metabolized in salmonTds and Lee et al. (41) have shown that benzo[a]pyrene is biodegraded in three species of marine fish. Varanasi et al. (VI ) demonstrated for the first time that the skin of fish exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons via either force-feeding, intraperitoneal injection, or in flowing seawater accumulate substantial concentrations of metabolic products. This is of particular interest since studies of mammalian systems have shown that some alkyl naphthalenes can be accelerators of skin carcinogenesis (32). Varanasi et al. (11) also demonstrated that the mucus of rainFow trout exposed to radiolabeled naphthalene... 

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