Phase diagram determinations system

The Sr-Cu system has been critically assessed. The most recent phase diagram, determined by combining differential thermal analysis and x-ray diffraction techniques, contains two intermediate compounds, both of which form in peritectic reactions, SrCu (588°C) and SrCu, (845°C) SrCu has also been prepared for independent structural analysis-. ... 

A final caveat that must be applied to phase diagrams determined using DFT calculations (or any other method) is that not all physically interesting phenomena occur at equilibrium. In situations where chemical reactions occur in an open system, as is the case in practical applications of catalysis, it is possible to have systems that are at steady state but are not at thermodynamic equilibrium. To perform any detailed analysis of this kind of situation, information must be collected on the rates of the microscopic processes that control the system. The Further Reading section gives a recent example of combining DFT calculations and kinetic Monte Carlo calculations to tackle this issue. 

Figure 9. Temperature-composition phase diagram of the system pentaethylene glycol ether (C12E5), water, and n-octane. The weight ratio of water to octane is fixed at 60 to 40. Diffusivities were measured in samples denoted by filled circles. Phase diagram determined by Kahlweit et al. Reprinted with permission from Kahlweit et al. [11],...

Ternary System Phase Diagram Determinations Concerning Potassium Electrolyte Influence on Aqueous Solutions of Dioxane or T etrahy drof uran... 

The use of the differential thermal analysis in the phase diagram determination is illustrated in Figure 3.52. A hypothetical binary eutectic system A-B with the formation of the incongmently melting compound A4B was chosen. There are three thermograms (a) to (c) shown as examples. In thermogram (a), the first heat effect at temperature ai... 

Figure 3.52. Phase diagram determination using differential thermal analysis. Thermograms (a) to (c) correspond to different compositions of the hypothetical system.

The Ternary Phase Diagram. The ternary phase diagrams of various polymer-solvent-precipitant systems have been determined. The results shown in Figure 11 indicate that the phase diagrams determined for the systems... 

Aqueous two-phase systems can be formed by combining either two "incompatible" polymers or a polymer and a salt in water above a certain critical concentration. Many systems have been tested by Albertsson and their phase diagrams determined (2). Comprehensive reviews have been compiled by Walter (1) and Kula (3). Most current commercial applications of ATPS are based on polymer-salt systems. These systems are attractive because of their low-cost and rapid phase disengagement. Polymer-salt... 

The two-dimensional phase diagram of system as determined using RHEED-TRAXS... 

PS-BR-THF ternary system PS-BR-tetralin ternary system Styragel, 5 X 106, 1,5. 1.7 X 105,1 5.5 X 104, 2-5 X 103 A THF 1 ml/minute Tetralin Ternary-phase studies (blend) Phase diagram determination 18... 

The crystal chemistry of the ternary rare-earth halides with monovalent cations A of the general composition A ,RyX3 +w has developed considerably in the past sesquidecade. Phase diagram determinations by Blachnik (Blachnik and Selle 1979, Blachnik and Jager-Kasper 1980) have contributed much to get an overview of the existence of the more stable compound classes, especially with A=K, Rb, Cs. The respective crystal chemistry has been the subject of a previous review (Meyer 1982). Since then many systems have been reinvestigated or the phase diagram was even determined for the first time, especially by... 

The picture became more complete (but also much more complicated) through the seminal phase diagram determinations by Corbett in the third quarter of the twentieth century. These made clear that in a number of other systems, dihalides can be thermodynamically stable under certain conditions see Figure 2 for the system Pris/Pr. The picture... 

Figure 9.18. Variation of the reduced average curvature (//) versus the interfacial molar composition X, with C representing the chain length of the surfactant A H)l = H(X 0)) — jH(X = 0)). The dashed line is calculated with the wedge model , experimental points obtained by phase diagram determination and titration in the Winsor III domain , maximum of solubilization obtained in micellar system A, obtained in a Winsor I microemulsion...

Therefore, the first section of the study presented in Reference [30] was devoted to establishing the means of continuously inverting and conditioning the reactor liquid into a stable portion of the phase diagram, determining the type of behavior that occurs in the multicomponent system upon conditioning, and how the relevant components can be tracked with the detector train. 

Ca, K, Li, Na //NO3 with a minimum melting temperature of 109 °C [34], Recently, Bradshaw et al. published data on the quaternary reciprocal system K, Li, Na // NO2, NO3 with a minimum melting temperature of about 75 °C with the composition 33.5 mol% Li+, 47.9 mol% K" ", 18.6mol% Na" ", and a nitrate/nitriteratio of 0.56 [33]. Our own work presented in this paper focuses on the phase diagram determination of the latter system and stability measurements of different single salts and salt mixtures. 

As is usually found for mesophase systems, the boundaries on the phase diagram are not all equally easy to detect. All of the known chromonic mesophases are birefrin-gent and the clearing points can therefore be readily seen by optical microscopy. The crystalline solid-M phase boundary is often harder to detect optically, but it does show up readily in X-ray difiraction studies. Note also that some early chromonic phase diagrams determined by NMR did not show... 

To characterize the obtained biphasic systems, the phase diagrams determined by the cloud-point titration are usually constructed. The binodal has been described by an empirical model developed by Merchuk and coworkers (Merchuk et al., 1998). The mathematical representation of the curves fitted the best to experimental data was the following ... 

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