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Pharmaceutical industry antibiotics

Liquid-liquid extraction. When the two phases are liquids, where a solute or solutes are removed from one liquid phase to another liquid phase, the process is called liquid-liquid extraction. One example is extraction of acetic acid from a water solution by isopropyl ether. In the pharmaceutical industry, antibiotics in an aqueous fermentation solution are sometimes removed by extraction with an organic solvent. [Pg.585]

The pharmaceutical industry has employed materials of plant and animal origin as sources of drugs. The industry has utilized the life processes of either plants or animals and microorganisms to produce medicinal and antibiotic products. [Pg.854]

Bioprocess plants are an essential part of food, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Use of microorganisms to transform biological materials for production of fermented foods, cheese and chemicals has its antiquity. Bioprocesses have been developed for an enoimous range of commercial products, as listed in Table 1.1. Most of the products originate from relatively cheap raw materials. Production of industrial alcohols and organic solvents is mostly originated from cheap feed stocks. The more expensive and special bioprocesses are in the production of antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. Industrial enzymes and living cells such as baker s yeast and brewer s yeast are also commercial products obtained from bioprocess plants. [Pg.4]

A batch process is customary for producing antibiotics. Submerged culture is used to propagate fungus with suitable carbohydrate resources. This assumption is based on simplicity in calculations and the normal use of penicillin in die pharmaceutical industry. Assume we... [Pg.231]

An example of a separation primarily based on polar interactions using silica gel as the stationary phase is shown in figure 10. The macro-cyclic tricothecane derivatives are secondary metabolites of the soil fungi Myrothecium Verrucaia. They exhibit antibiotic, antifungal and cytostatic activity and, consequently, their analysis is of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. The column used was 25 cm long, 4.6 mm in diameter and packed with silica gel particles 5 p in diameter which should give approximately 25,000 theoretical plates if operated at the optimum velocity. The flow rate was 1.5 ml/min, and as the retention time of the last peak was about 40 minutes, the retention volume of the last peak would be about 60 ml. [Pg.305]

During the twentieth century chemistry changed for ever the way we live. Perhaps the greatest perceived benefits, to the general public, have come from the pharmaceuticals industry with developments of painkillers, antibiotics, heart drugs and, more recently, Viagra. However, it is difficult to think of an important facet of modem life which has not been transformed by products of the chemical and related industries, for example ... [Pg.14]

Biotechnology of Industrial Antibiotics, Erick J. Vandamme Pharmaceutical Process Validation, edited by Bernard T. Loftus and Robert A. Nash... [Pg.5]

Penicillin, the first (3-lactam antibiotic, marked the beginning of a revolutionary period of successful treatment of infectious disease and, in many respects, the beginning of the modern pharmaceutical industry. With more than 6 decades of history, the (3-lactam core remains an important antibacterial pharmacophore. [Pg.353]

Billstein, S. (1994). How the pharmaceutical industry brings an antibiotic drug to the market in the United States. [Pg.40]

Why devote so much space to the discovery of penicillin Simply because penicillin was the first NP to be made in massive amounts in factory scale fermentations, because of its remarkable biomolecular properties. This showed, for the first time, that microbi-ally produced NPs were economically accessible to large populations of humans and that chemists had no monopoly on synthetic methods for the pharmaceutical industry. The story also tells us that a worldwide search for cultures best suited to making penicillin showed that it is the rare organism that makes antibiotics in large amounts, a conclusion confirmed by the next part of the story of antibiotics. [Pg.158]

A recently published book provides an excellent survey of issues that relate to contamination with endotoxins (present in both viable and nonviable bacteria), their released cell wall constituents, and also viable bacteria in the pharmaceutical industry [1]. It is important to know both the content of the work environment (e.g., indoor air) and the pharmaceutical products themselves. The former provides information on possible sources of microbial contamination and the latter the purity of the final commercial product (or precursors in various stages in its preparation). In some cases it is vital to know the actual bacterial species involved in contamination culture-based methods are standard microbiological techniques which were the focus of Jimenez [1] and thus will not be discussed further. Any contamination (e.g., with endotoxins), regardless of the species of origin, is of utmost of importance (e.g., in determining the safety of a batch of antibiotics to be administered intravenously). This is determined optimally by non-culture-based methods. [Pg.534]

The introduction of the sulfa drugs was followed by the development of the penicillin antibiotics. Fleming s chance observation of the anti-bacterial action of the penicillin mold in 1928 and the subsequent isolation and identification of its active constituent by Florey and Chain in 1940 marked the beginning of the antibiotics era that still continues today. At roughly the same time, the steroid hormones found their way into medical practice. Cortisone was introduced by the pharmaceutical industry in 1944 as a drug for the treatment of arthritis and rheumatic fever. This was followed by the development of steroid hormones as the active constituents of the contraceptive pill. [Pg.2]

The soluble Kollidon products form reversible complexes with many hydrophobic active substances, and clear solutions in water are thus obtained. This may be affected by the molecular weight. The longer the chains or the higher the K-value of the Kollidon type, the stronger is the solubility effect and thus the greater the solubility that can be obtained by the active substance. In practice, this effect was mostly exploited for the solubilization of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. Details are given in the book Kollidon -Polyvinylpyrrolidone for the pharmaceutical industry . [Pg.403]

Just as amides are more stable than esters, lactams are more stable than lactones. Thus, although 3-lactones are rare (Section 19.15), 3-lactams are among the best known products of the pharmaceutical industry. The penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics, which are so useful in treating bacterial infections, are (3-lactams and are customarily referred to as /3-lactam antibiotics. [Pg.868]


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Pharmaceutical industry

Pharmaceuticals antibiotics

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