Pharmaceutical containing aluminum

Containers. Aerosol containers, made to withstand a certain amount of pressure, vary in both size and materials of constmction. They are manufactured from tin-plated steel, aluminum, and glass. The most popular aerosol container is the three-piece tin-plated steel container. Glass containers, which are usually plastic coated, generally have thicker walls than conventional glass jars. They are limited to a maximum size of 120 mL and are used for pharmaceutical and cosmetic aerosols. 

The aluminum containing compound having the largest worldwide market, estimated to be over 30 x 10 t in 1990, is metal grade alumina. Second, is aluminum hydroxide. In 1990 the market for Al(OH)2 should approach or exceed 3.5 million metric tons which is equivalent to 2.3 million tons on an alumina basis. The spHt between additive and feedstock appHcations for Al(OH)2 (16) is roughly 50 50. Additive appHcations include those as flame retardants (qv) in products such as carpets, and to enhance the properties of paper (qv), plastic, polymer, and mbber products. Significant quantities are also used in pharmaceuticals (qv), cosmetics (qv), adhesives (qv), poHshes (qv), dentifrices (qv), and glass (qv). 

One appHcation patented ia 1989 is the injection of sodium alumiaate into silica-containing formations for enhanced petroleum recovery (39). Additionally, the pharmaceutical industry uses sodium alumiaate as an alkaline source of aluminum for the production of certain antacids (40). 

Related to the nitrile oxide cycloadditions presented in Scheme 6.206 are 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with alkenes leading to isoxazolidines. The group of Comes-Franchini has described cycloadditions of (Z)-a-phenyl-N-methylnitrone with allylic fluorides leading to enantiopure fluorine-containing isoxazolidines, and ultimately to amino polyols (Scheme 6.207) [374]. The reactions were carried out under solvent-free conditions in the presence of 5 mol% of either scandium(III) or indium(III) triflate. In the racemic series, an optimized 74% yield of an exo/endo mixture of cycloadducts was obtained within 15 min at 100 °C. In the case of the enantiopure allyl fluoride, a similar product distribution was achieved after 25 min at 100 °C. Reduction of the isoxazolidine cycloadducts with lithium aluminum hydride provided fluorinated enantiopure polyols of pharmaceutical interest possessing four stereocenters. 

Aluminum is used as the material of construction for some aerosol drug products. Also a three-piece tin-plated steel container finds use in topical pharmaceutical aerosols, and to decrease the compatibility problems, an internal organic coating is often used [90]. 

Parenterally formulated biopharmaceuticals are typically packaged in glass containers with rubber/synthetic elastomeric closures. Pharmaceutical glass is composed primarily of silicon dioxide tetrahedron which is modified with oxides such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, boron, and iron [45],The USP classifies glass formulations as follows ... 

If the lakes used are aluminum lakes, the alumina substrate contains water of hydration, and the lake itself may have total moisture content of between 12 and 25%. High processing temperatures can release some of the hydrated water however, in most pharmaceutical applications this is not a problem. 

The three metals commonly used in pharmaceutical packaging are tin, aluminum, and steel. Because of its susceptibility to oxidation and corrosion, steel must be galvanized or coated by an epoxy before use, so its application is primarily reserved for drums of bulk material where very high strength is required. Metals can also be formed into pressure cylinders for the containment of gaseous product. ... 

A specification for aluminum oxide is included in Japanese Pharmaceutical Excipients 2004 (JPE), see Table I. A specification for light aluminum oxide is also included. The PhEur 2005 includes a specification for hydrated aluminum oxide that contains the equivalent of 47.0-60.0% of AI2O3. The EINECS number for aluminum oxide is 215-691-6. 

Bentonite is a naturally occurring hydrated aluminum silicate used primarily in the formulation of suspensions, gels, and sols, for topical pharmaceutical applications. It is also used to suspend powders in aqueous preparations and to prepare cream bases containing oil-in-water emulsifying agents. 

Aluminum toxicity has also been linked with oral exposure as a result of Al-containing pharmaceutical products such as Al-based phosphate binders or antacid intake. As over-the-counter antacids are an important source for human Al exposure from a quantitative point of view, patient information leaflets in Europe contain warnings of possible Al toxicity. ... 

Parenthetically, many pharmaceuticals—in fact, most of them—contain "insoluble" additives. If you are a chronic user of any medication, prescription or over-the-counter, you are a candidate for Crohn s disease. The doctors at the University of London who did the polystyrene experiments concluded "Perhaps we should be more concerned about the fate of insoluble materials in toothpaste and pharmaceuticals which might be taken chronically." Another British group at St. Bartholomew s Hospital has added corroborating evidence by discovering aluminum, silicon, and titanium in the lesions of Crohn s disease. 

The standard pharmaceutical approach to decoctions is 1 ounce (25 g) of herb per pint (475 ml) of water boiled for 15 minutes and strained when cool water is then added to bring the total volume back to 1 pint. I approach the process a little differently I take 1 ounce (25 g) of herb in 3 cups (750 ml) of water and boil slowly and steadily until the liquid is reduced to one half (If larger amounts of the decoction are desired, the amounts of water and herb may be increased.) The boiling should take place in a stainless steel or glass container, never aluminum. 

Aluminum is widely used in many industrial applications. Aluminum compounds are used in the food industries both as additives and as different utensils (cooking utensils or storage containers). Moreover, they can be used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Its wide use is due to the low cost, it does not undergo oxidation, it is recyclable, flexible, and easy to handle and is extracted from bauxite, which is abundant in nature. 

Spiros (Dura Pharmaceuticals) is a reusable device containing either a disposable, prefllled plastic cassette with 30 doses or an aluminum blister disk with 16 doses. The device is breath-actuated and the inhalation flow activates a battery-driven motor, which spins an impeller that disperses the drug blend. 

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