Evidence corroborative

This, in turn, reduced the number of polymer particles (the loci of reaction) and hence the reaction rate fell. However, this explanation is at variance with the results reported in Figure 12 where the molecular weight (weight-average) clearly increases with increasing Reynolds number. It seems more likely that the turbulent flow results could be explained by a decrease in the effective initiator concentration. This low concentration would also explain why there is no further reaction after a period of about one hour as contrasted with the batch reactions where the reaction is still proceeding after two to three hours. The current absence of corroborating evidence makes this explanation very tentative. 

I pulled out Book 89 from the top drawer of my desk. "Listen to this report we received in the United States. The War Refugee Board published it and broadcast its contents in 1944. It s true that some of our own State Department officials said then that it was nothing but propaganda but after all they were thousands of miles away, and this Tribunal is here and almost smothered by corroborating evidence. Here it is, a couple of Slovak Jews who escaped after two years in Auschwitz.. .."... 

Heat is liberated when adding water to anhydrous copper sulphate because a new crystal lattice forms in response to strong, new bonds forming between the water and Cu2+ and SO2- ions. As corroborative evidence of a change in the crystal structure, note how anhydrous copper sulphate is off-white but the pentahydrate is blue. 

Substituent constants devised for substituted benzenes are often useful for substituents in meta-type (1, 3) positions in other ring systems and good correlations provide corroborating evidence for... 

The most common exception to these rules is the active, ambitious, college graduate with Pd and Ma above 65, but no history of acting out. In all but the most extreme cases it is well to obtain corroborating evidence from the Family History. 

In CBED, zone-axis patterns (ZAP) can be recorded near the relevant zone axis and the pattern may also include a higher-order Laue zone (referred to as a HOLZ). The radius of the first HOLZ ring G is related to the periodicity along the zone axis [c] and the electron wavelength, by = 2/kc. CBED can thus provide reciprocal space data in all three (x,y,z) dimensions, typically with a lateral resolution of a few nanometres. As in any application, corroborative evidence from other methods such as HRTEM and single-crystal x-ray diffraction, where possible, can be productive in an unambiguous structural determination of complex and defective materials such as catalysts. We illustrate some examples in later sections. 

It is important to note the alternative interpretations in the brackets above of what the driving need might be. There could be more. It is unwise to jump to a conclusion about someone s inner motives on the basis of their observed behaviour alone. You need corroborating evidence from their own insights into what drives them. 

Locating minima is not always straightforward since a reaction surface is usually complex, and a geometry optimization calculation will only locate minima close to the starting point. It is usually not feasible to systematically explore all possible conformers, so chemical intuition and corroborative evidence from experiment play important roles. A nice example is the identification of the coordination geometry of oxo-iron(IV) intermediate in TauD (22). As mentioned above, during optimization of enzyme active sites, key atoms are sometimes fixed to mimic the constraints that the protein environment exerts on the active site (20). 

He should also be required to present corroborative evidence to demonstrate that the sample in question is a representative sample. If it is the only one of a large number of representative samples which exceeds the UAL, a citation is probably not warranted unless a ceiling standard has been violated. 

Corroborating evidence of a PBI-PAr interaction was observed by FT-IR. Based on the carbonyl stretching of a pure PAr film and an 80/20 PBI/PAr film blend, it was found that the signal of the blend showed a dramatic downfield shift (i.e., from 1741 to 1730 cm-1). This shift (see Fig. 10) indicated the existence of intermolecular H-bonding between PBI and PAr in the film blend. 

As we discussed in Chapter 3, the KM for an enzymatic reaction is not always equal to the dissociation constant of the enzyme-substrate complex, but may be lower or higher depending on whether or not intermediates accumulate or Briggs-Haldane kinetics hold. Enzyme-substrate dissociation constants cannot be derived from steady state kinetics unless mechanistic assumptions are made or there is corroborative evidence. Pre-steady state kinetics are more powerful, since the chemical steps may often be separated from those for binding. 

Mutases are, in effect, internal kinases, in that they transfer a phosphoryl group from one hydroxyl to another in the molecule. Unlike kinases, however, their reactions proceed with retention. Since there is generally good corroborative evidence for a phosphorylenzyme in mutase reaction pathways, doubledisplacement reactions are most likely. 

The symmetry and height of the rotational barriers and hence the tunnel splittings depend strongly on the orientation of the molecule and its adsorption site. The results of these measurements (a higher resolution experiment is planned) when combined with model calculations based on empirical atom-atom potentials (see below) may be able to provide corroborative evidence for the orientation of an adsorbed molecule as well as details of the molecule-substrate interaction. The principal obstacle to a wider application of the technique may simply be the small number of adsorbed systems in which these tunnel splittings can be observed. 

Degenerating axons in the peripheral nerves can also be examined as described below, and electrophysiological estimates of motor unit number could be informative. Motor units are defined as a single motor neuron (axon) and the muscle fibers its terminals innervate. In motor neuron diseases, the number of motor units is anticipated to decrease as motor neurons die, but the size of motor units may increase with compensatory sprouting and reinnervation (e.g., (1)). Interpretation can be further confounded by factors such as a change in muscle fiber number or innervation of muscle fibers by multiple motor axons. Therefore, the best interpretation results from corroborating evidence from the spinal cord, nerve, synapse, and the muscle. 

When an unknown co-chromatographs with (i.e. is not separated from) a known substance, preferably under a number of different conditions or chromatographies, or by two-dimensional chromatography, then there is a high probability that the unknown and the known substance are identical. This approach requires a fair amount of intelligent guesswork in the choice of suitable known compounds for comparison, but can provide strong corroborative evidence for the identity of unknowns. 

The next secondary consideration that the Court took up was near simultaneous invention. If two or more separate inventors almost simultaneously discover an invention, this can be regarded as secondary evidence that the invention is obvious. Mylan presented evidence that multiple other groups had synthesized levofloxacin within one year after the inventors of the challenged patent. The Court only assigned moderate emphasis to this secondary evidence, however, because Mylan provided no corroborating evidence as to the exact date of four out of five of the near simultaneous discoveries. This was an issue because one of the inventors of the patents in suit published on some of levofloxacin s properties and general resolution methods soon after they made their discovery of levofloxacin. Thus it was not clear whether the near-simultaneous invention from the other four groups was due to the obviousness of the invention at that time or because of the inventor s own disclosure.85... 

Usually the ink testimony is offered as corroborative evidence in a case and occasionally it has been used as primary evidence such as in Stoller v. U.S. (5) tried in Miami, Florida. In this case, testimony based on the ink dating technique was presented for the first time. Several inks were identified in travel and expense diaries for the years 1965, 1966, and 1967. 

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