Polymers pharmaceutical applications

V.G. Kadajji, and G.V. Betageri, Water soluble polymers for pharmaceutical applications. Polymers, 3,1972-2009, 2011. 

Jagur-Grodzinski, J. (2010), Polymeric gels and hydrogels for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 21(1) pp. 27 7. 

Kadajji, V.G., Betageri, G.V. Water soluble polymers Iot pharmaceutical applications. Polymers 3(4), 1972-2009 (2011)... 

The plate dryer is limited in its scope of apphcations only in the consistency of the feed material (the products must be friable, free flowing, and not undergo phase changes) and diying temperatures up to 320°C. Applications include speci ty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, foods, polymers, pigments, etc. Initial moisture or volatile level can be as high as 65 percent and the unit is often used as a final dryer to take materials to a bone-dry state, if necessary. The plate dryer can also be used for heat treatment, removal of waters of hydration (bound moisture), solvent removal, and as a product cooler. 

Aromatic fluorodenitration was first discovered in the reaction of polychloro-nitrobenzenes with potassium fluoride, when 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorofluorobenzene was prepared in 37% yield from 2,3,5,6-tetrachloronitrobenzene 105] The technique has been adapted to prepare aryl fluorides from other activated nitro aromatics for applications in pharmaceutical and polymer chemistry (equation 31) Fluorodenitration also has been applied to prepare radiolabeled ( F) fluo-roaromatics [74, 106]... 

In this section, the important concepts related to the formation of hydrogels by free radical copolymerization/cross-linking are examined. Greater depth beyond the scope of this chapter can be obtained from textbooks on polymer chemistry and the papers cited herein. As stated earlier, almost all gels produced from monomers for pharmaceutical applications are synthesized by free radical chain polymerizations. 

Poly-j3-malate is readily degraded completely to L-malic acid under both acid and base conditions [108], and it can also be hydrolyzed by enzymes within the cell [105,106]. Recently, several bacteria were isolated which were able to utilize poly-/i-malate as sole carbon source for growth [109]. Because the polymer is biodegradable and bioadsorbable, it is of considerable interest for pharmaceutical applications, especially in controlled-release drug delivery systems [97,98]. Chemical routes to poly-/ -malate are expected to provide materials with various properties [110]. 

Recently, many studies have focused on self-assembled biodegradable nanoparticles for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Nanoparticles fabricated by the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers or hydrophobically modified polymers have been explored as drug carrier systems. In general, these amphiphilic copolymers consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments are capable of forming polymeric structures in aqueous solutions via hydrophobic interactions. These self-assembled nanoparticles are composed of an inner core of hydrophobic moieties and an outer shell of hydrophilic groups [35, 36]. 

Similarly to the phospholipid polymers, the MPC polymers show excellent biocompatibility and blood compatibility [43—48]. These properties are based on the bioinert character of the MPC polymers, i.e., inhibition of specific interaction with biomolecules [49, 50]. Recently, the MPC polymers have been applied to various medical and pharmaceutical applications [44-47, 51-55]. The crosslinked MPC polymers provide good hydrogels and they have been used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses. We have applied the MPC polymer hydrogel as a cell-encapsulation matrix due to its excellent cytocompatibility. At the same time, to prepare a spontaneously forming reversible hydrogel, we focused on the reversible covalent bonding formed between phenylboronic acid and polyol in an aqueous system. 

Perhaps a major factor is the handling of batches. For instance, pharmaceutical plants usually handle fixed sizes for which integrity must be maintained (no mix-ing/splitting), while solvent or polymer plants handle variable sizes that can be split and mixed. Similarly, different requirements on processing times can be found in different industries depending on process characteristics. For example pharmaceutical applications might involve fixed times due to FDA regulations, while solvents or polymers have times that can be adjusted and optimized with process models. 

Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug Delivery, David Jones, Queen s University, Belfast. Tyre Recycling, Valerie L. Shulman, European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA). 

What are some applications of thermal analysis in the pharmaceutical and polymer industries ... 

UV and/or heat stabilized, oil extended, low temperature, soft touch, transparent, ster-ilizable, food contact, for heavy soundproofing parts, high purity for medical or pharmaceutical applications, very low hardness, conductive, additives for modification of other polymers. .. 

To sum up, the choice of operating conditions for a specific FFF application is made in a way that recalls the general criteria used in chromatography. An accurate search of literature addressed to similar samples that have been already analyzed by FFF techniques is very useful. A number of specific reviews have been published concerning, for example, enviromnental, pharmaceutical, and biological samples (see Section 12.5). As previously mentioned above, one of the most important factors is the stability of the considered colloidal system, for which a great deal of information can be obtained from specialized literature, such as colloid, polymer, and latex handbooks [33], For example, the use of the proper surfactant (e.g., Fl-70) is common for SdFFF applications. Polymer analysis with ThFFF requires solvent types similar to those employed in size exclusion chromatography. 

Bures P, Huang Y, Oral E, Peppas NA. Surface modifications and molecular imprinting of polymers in medical and pharmaceutical applications. J Controlled Release 2001 72 25-33. 

Leung, R. and D. O. Shah (1989). Microemulsions an evolving technology for pharmaceutical applications. In Rossof, M. (ed.)Qontrolled Release of Drugs Polymers and Aggregate Sy t 8W, New York, pp. 85-215. 

Since most other modeling techniques for polymers are extremely demanding, the limited capabilities of COSMO-RS for efficient prediction of solubilities in polymers can be of great help in practical applications when suitable polymers with certain solubility requirements are desired. One application may be the selection of appropriate membrane polymers for certain separation processes. Predictions of drug solubility in polymers are sometimes of interest for pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, it is most likely that COSMO-RS can also be used to investigate the mutual compatibility of polymers for blends. This aspect, and many other aspects of the potential of COSMO-RS for polymer modeling, still awaits systematic investigation. 

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