Pharmaceutical additive

Dextran is the first microbial polysaccharide produced and utilized on an industrial scale. The potential importance of dextran as a structually (and property) controlled feedstock is clearly seen in light of the recent emphasis of molecular biologists and molecular engineers in the generation of microbes for feedstock production. Dextran is employed as pharmaceuticals (additives and coatings of medications), within cosmetics, as food extenders, as water-loss inhibitors in oilwell drilling muds and as the basis for a number of synthetic resins. 

Absorption of phenytoin is highly dependent on the formulation of the dosage form. Particle size and pharmaceutical additives affect both the rate and the extent of absorption. Absorption of phenytoin sodium from the gastrointestinal tract is nearly complete in most patients, although the time to peak may range from 3 to 12 hours. Absorption after intramuscular injection is unpredictable, and some drug precipitation in the muscle occurs this route of administration is not recommended for phenytoin. In contrast, fosphenytoin, a more soluble phosphate prodrug of phenytoin, is well absorbed after intramuscular administration. 

Nakanishi, K., et al. 1982. Effect of pharmaceutical adjuvants on the rectal permeability of drugs. I. Effect of pharmaceutical additives on the permeability of sulfaguanidine through the rat rectum. 

Lipids, unlike many excipients, whether present in food or as discreet pharmaceutical additives, are processed both chemically and physically within the GIT before absorption and transport into the portal blood (or mesenteric lymph). Indeed, most of the effects mediated by formulation-based lipids or the lipid content of food are mediated by means of the products of lipid digestion—molecules that may exhibit very different physicochemical and physiological properties when compared with the initial excipient or food constituent. Therefore, although administered lipids have formulation properties in their own right, many of their effects are mediated by species that are produced after transformation or activation in the GIT. An understanding of the luminal and/or enterocyte-based processing pathways of lipids and lipid systems is therefore critical to the effective design of lipid-based delivery systems. 

Ash M, Ash I, editors. 2007. Handbook of pharmaceutical additives, 3rd ed. New York Synapase Information Resources. 

SIC Carcinogenicity Dose selection for carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceuticals Dose Selection for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals Addition of a Limited Dose and related Notes CPMP/ICH/383/95 Step 5... 

Hydrocolloid Gelling Agents Food Additives Pharmaceutical Additives Oilfield Chemical Additives... 

Few excipients are manufactured specifically for pharmaceutical use. Many are manufactured for other purposes (e.g., food, cosmetics, paint thickeners, construction, etc.). For their use in pharmaceuticals, additional quality, functionality, and safety requirements must be met. 

One of the main challenges of ocular delivery in man is the constant production of tears, which, coupled with blinking, effectively minimizes residence time of applied pharmaceuticals. Additionally, the epithelial layers of the cornea, and to a lesser extent the sclera and conjunctiva, provide barriers to exogenous compounds. Although the pharmacopeia may allow up to... 

Kimura S, Imai T, Otagiri M. Evaluation of low-molecular gelatin as a pharmaceutical additive for rapidly absorbed oral dosage formulations. Chem Pharm Bull 1991 39 1328-1329. 

Mattha AG. Rheological studies on Plantago albicans Psyllium) seed gum dispersions II effect of some pharmaceutical additives. Pharm Acta Helv 1977 52 214-217. 

Ash M and Ash I. Plandbook of Pharmaceutical Additives. Gower Publishing Ltd, Hampshire, UK, 1997. 

Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives Excipients used in prescription and OTC products approved by the FDA or recommended by USP/NF, BP and Ph.Eur. details manufacturers, composition, properties, function and applications, toxicology and regulatory status of additives Compiled by M. and 1. Ash Published by Gower, Aldershot, UK, and Vermont, USA... 

Ready-to-use A product that is already dispersed throughout a liquid vehicle with or without stabilizers and other pharmaceutical additives. 

Aqueous solubility of diclofenac diethylamine in the presence of pharmaceutical additives a comparative study with diclofenac sodium, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2000, 26, 375-381. 

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