Metabolism interrelations

Metabolic interrelations between 5-adenosylmethionine, folates, and vitamin Bl2 96CLY165. 

Schneider JF, Westley J. 1969. Metabolic interrelations of sulfur in proteins, thiosulfate, and cystine. J Biol Chem 244 5735-5744. 

Fig. 12. Some signaling targets and pathways affected by sphingolipid backbones that are metabolically interrelated. PKA, protein kinase A PDKl, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 SDKl, sphingosine-dependent kinase 1 PKC, protein kinase C PPl, protein phosphatase 1 PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A aSMase, acid sphingomyelinase PLA, phospholipase Aj SIP, sphingosine-l-phosphase MATIA, methionine adenosyl-transferase (liver specific) SFl, steroidogenic factor 1. The biophysical properties of ceramides and ceramide 1-phosphates may play important roles in membrane structure, including tendencies to form rafts, membrane curvature, and leakiness.

Figure 4.20 Possible Metabolic Interrelation of the Glycolipids of Figure 4.19.

For these reasons alone, a vitamin E symposium will not be short of problems and material for discussion. Many more unanswered questions come to light, however, when the biochemical and physiological properties of vitamin E are considered. The program of this meeting includes papers on the metabolism of vitamin E interrelations among vitamin E, metals, and ubi( uinones vitamin E and nucleic acid metabolism interrelations between vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids vitamin E requirements of human infants vitamin E in health and disease of poultry, sheep, cattle, and pigs and so on. Everywhere, alongside established facts, there are unanswered questions and unsolved problems. 

Rock, C. O. Snyder, F. 1975. Metabolic interrelations of hydroxy-substituted ether-linked glycerolipids in the pink portion of the rabbit Harderian gland. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 171, 631—636. 

M. Potts, E. Wellmann, Coordinated induction and subsequent activity changes of two groups of metabolically interrelated enzymes. Light-induced synthesis of flavonoid glycosides in cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense, Eur. 

Most studies of the cell at a molecular level have had to be primarily qualitative, identifyir its micro- and macro-molecular components and working out the metabolic interrelations that are so conveniently symbolised by arrows. But now that many biosynthetic pathways have become more or less completely known, it has become possible not only to describe flow rates but to analyse in detail the mechanisms that control them. ... 

Neurons have three parts the cell body and dendrites, the axon, and axon terminals. The cell body contains the nucleus and the organelles needed for metabolism, growth, and repair. The dendrites are branched extensions of the cell body membrane. The axon is a long, thin structure which transfers electrical impulses down to the terminals. The axon divides into numerous axon terminals and it is in this specialized region that neurotransmitters are released to transmit information from one neuron to its neighbors. The synapse has been defined as the space between two subsequent interrelated neurons. ... 

In the European program COST (European CO-operation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research) 8.41 Biological and Biochemical Diversity of Hydrogen Metabolism the main objective is to pool interrelated European expertise in order to understand the structural and molecular basis of the functions, as well as the factors that influence the activity and stability of hydrogenase enzymes. 

In an earlier report (J>), the decay of healthy yam tubers during storage was shown to be a result of catabolism of its proteins by an active a-glutamyl transpeptidase. There is also some alkaline proteolytic activity in the yam tuber (6), but little information is available on individual enzymes of the purine degradative pathway and on the properties of an alkaline proteinase that may function in yams during storage. This report describes the interrelation of five enzymes of ureide metabolism in fresh and stored yams, the release of ammonia in vitro by three of the enzymes that may provide an environment for alkaline proteinase activity in vivo, and the in vitro properties of an... 

The obvious advantage is that the steady-state solution of an S-system model is accessible analytically. However, while the drastic reduction of complexity can be formally justified by a (logarithmic) expansion of the rate equation, it forsakes the interpretability of the involved parameters. The utilization of basic biochemical interrelations, such as an interpretation of fluxes in terms of a nullspace matrix is no longer possible. Rather, an incorporation of flux-balance constraints would result in complicated and unintuitive dependencies among the kinetic parameters. Furthermore, it must be emphasized that an S-system model does not necessarily result in a reduced number of reactions. Quite on the contrary, the number of reactions r = 2m usually exceeds the value found in typical metabolic networks. 

To consider another area, let us suppose that one is interested in any one of a thousand phases of the general process of metabolism enzymes, how they are made up, how they are interrelated, how they function the vitamins, what they are chemically, how they work the chemistry of the hormones, how they function and interact, how they are related to enzyme systems biochemical syntheses, how they progress and what catalysts are involved differentiation, what it consists of and how it is promoted. The problems in this area are legion, and our ignorance is vast. There is room here for investigation on an enormous scale, and all of it is pertinent to life. In recent years we have come to realize how unified nature is and how we may find out much about many fundamental metabolic processes by studying one organism, almost any one that is convenient. All that we know and can learn in this vast area is basic to any applications that may... 

These simple facts directly raise the issue of metabolic control or regulation. What factors control those aspects of our metabolism that are actually expressed at some point in time and under some set of conditions This is an enormously important question and we will see an example later. For the moment, we note that regulation is performed by a delicate set of interrelated checks and balances. These have both intrinsic (i.e. genetic) and extrinsic (i.e. physiological, environmental) components. 

Tetrahydrofolic acid then functions as a carrier of one-carbon groups for amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. The basic ring system is able to transfer methyl, methylene, methenyl, or formyl groups, and it utilizes slightly different reagents as appropriate. These are shown here for convenience, we have left out the benzoic acid-glutamic acid portion of the structure. These compounds are all interrelated, but we are not going to delve any deeper into the actual biochemical relationships. 

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