Petroleum basins

Price L. C. (2000) Organic metamorphism in the California petroleum basins Chapter B. Insights from extractable bitumen and saturated hydrocarbons. US Geol. Surv. Bull. B2174-B, 33pp. 

Klemme H.D. (1980) Petroleum basins-classification and characteristics./ Pet. Geol. 3, 187-207. 

Fig. 4. Definition of oil families in a major petroleum basin based on relatively abundant petroleum components defined by parameters proposed by (Hughes ei al. 1995). Two typical oils (A, B) are indicated and considered further below. Open circles are actual oil data, red squares are selected end member oils, red circles represent calculated mixtures of oil A and B in 10% increments.

Whelan, J. K., Kennicutt, M. C., Brooks, J. M., Schumacher, D. Elgestton, L. B. 1993. Organic geochemical indicators of dynamic fluid flow processes in petroleum basins. Organic Geochemistry, 22, 587-615. 

In this study, we have developed a technique to analyze directly trace and ultra trace metal elements in cmde oils and its fractions (maltenes-asphaltenes) by ICP-MS after sample dilution in xylene. This method was then used to produce a new set of data, using the above-mentioned methodology, on the distribution of metal trace elements between asphaltenes and maltenes in cmde oils from a Brazilian petroleum basin. 

Once the methodology for trace element determination in petroleum products by ICP-MS was validated, it was applied to several crude oils (supplied by Petrobris) and their fractions originating from a Brazilian petroleum basin. In order to prove the reliability of analytical results obtained after oil fractionation, total mass balance (TMB) was calculated for each element measured. Table 3 shows an example of crude oil and its fractions analyzed by ICP-MS. TMB results were in the range of 90-110 % for most of the elements analyzed. In order to confirm the repeatability of oil fractionation and analysis, each sample (oil + fractions) was analyzed three... 

R. (2001) Methane-bearing aqueous fluid inclusions Raman analysis, thermodynamic modelling and application to petroleum basins. Chemical Geology, 173,... 

Even if all of the elements described so far have been present within a sedimentary basin an accumulation will not necessarily be encountered. One of the crucial questions in prospect evaluation is about the timing of events. The deformation of strata into a suitable trap has to precede the maturation and migration of petroleum. The reservoir seal must have been intact throughout geologic time. If a leak occurred sometime in the past, the exploration well will only encounter small amounts of residual hydrocarbons. Conversely, a seal such as a fault may have developed early on in the field s history and prevented the migration of hydrocarbons into the structure. 

Miall, Andrew (1984) Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis,468p, Springer Verlag North, F. K., (1985) Petroleum Geology, 607p, Allen Unwin... 

To prepare a sample of the hydrochloride, add 0-5 ml. of the base to 10 ml, of dilute hydrochloric acid in an evaporating basin and evaporate to dryness, preferably in a vacuum desiccator. Recrystallise the dry residue from petroleum (b.p. 60-80°). The hydrochloride separates as white crystals, m.p. 90°. 

Petroleum—a natural mineral oil—was referred to as early as the Old Testament. The word petroleum means rock oil [from the Greek petros (rock) and elaion (oil)]. It has been found for centuries seeping out of the ground, for example, in the Los Angeles basin in what are now called the La Brea tar pits. Vast deposits were found in Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa. 

As shown in Table 8, U.S. distribution of oil and natural gas reserves is centered in Alaska, Cahfomia, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and the U.S. outer-continental shelf. Alaska reserves include both the Pmdhoe Bay deposits and the Cook Inlet fields. Cahfomia deposits include those in Santa Barbara, the Wilmington Eield, the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 at Bakersfield, and other offshore oil deposits. The Yates Pield, Austin Chalk formation, and Permian Basin are among the producing sources of petroleum and natural gas in Texas. 

Sulfur constitutes about 0.052 wt % of the earth s cmst. The forms in which it is ordinarily found include elemental or native sulfur in unconsohdated volcanic rocks, in anhydrite over salt-dome stmctures, and in bedded anhydrite or gypsum evaporate basin formations combined sulfur in metal sulfide ores and mineral sulfates hydrogen sulfide in natural gas organic sulfur compounds in petroleum and tar sands and a combination of both pyritic and organic sulfur compounds in coal (qv). 

Seam correlations, measurements of rank and geologic history, interpretation of petroleum (qv) formation with coal deposits, prediction of coke properties, and detection of coal oxidation can be deterrnined from petrographic analysis. Constituents of seams can be observed over considerable distances, permitting the correlation of seam profiles in coal basins. Measurements of vitrinite reflectance within a seam permit mapping of variations in thermal and tectonic histories. Figure 2 indicates the relationship of vitrinite reflectance to maximum temperatures and effective heating time in the seam (11,15). 

Lyons, W. C., et al., Field testing of a downhole pneumatic turbine motor , Geothermal Energy Symposium, ASME/GRC, January 10-13, 1988. Magner, N. J., Air motor drill, The Petroleum Engineer, October 1960. Downs, H. F., Application and evaluation of air-hammer drilling in the Permian Basin, API Drilling and Production Practices, 1960. 

There are several different situations in which petroleum hydrocarbons pose a threat that has attracted solution by bioremediation. These include (1) oil-refinery waste and contamination of the surrounding soil, (2) leakage from oil pipelines and underground storage tanks or basins, and (3) spillage of crude oil in the marine enviromnent after accidents at sea. 

Heller, J.P. Taber, J.J.,SPE 15001 presented at the Permian Basin Oil Gas Recovery Conference of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Midland, TX, March 1986. 

As a first example, we consider the diagenesis of clastic sandstones in the Gippsland basin, southeastern Australia, basing our model on the work of Harrison (1990). The Gippsland basin is the major offshore petroleum province in Australia. Oil production is from the Latrobe group, a fluvial to shallow marine sequence of Late Cretaceous to early Eocence age that partly fills a Mesozoic rift valley. 

Petroleum reservoirs, however, occur in a gray facies of the Lyons found in the deep basin (Levandowski et al., 1973). This facies contains no ferric oxides... 

Belitz, K. and J. D. Bredehoeft, 1988, Hydrodynamics of Denver basin, explanation of subnormal fluid pressures. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 72,1334-1359. 

Bjorlykke, K. and P. K. Egeberg, 1993, Quartz cementation in sedimentary basins. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 77,1538-1548. 

Clayton, J. L. and P. J. Swetland, 1980, Petroleum generation and migration in Denver basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 64, 1613— 1633. 

Lee, M.-K. and C. M. Bethke, 1994, Groundwater flow, late cementation, and petroleum accumulation in the Permian Lyons sandstone, Denver basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 78,217-237. 

Levandowski, D.W., M. E. Kaley, S. R. Silverman and R. G. Smalley, 1973, Cementation in Lyons sandstone and its role in oil accumulation, Denver basin, Colorado. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 57, 2217-2244. 

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