Petrochemical supply chain

Although a range of reactive monomers could be selected for reactive molding of polymer nanocomposites, bio-based monomers with the potential to replace materials traditionally derived from the petrochemical supply chain are of particular interest today. On the one hand, the Technology Roadmap for Plant/Crop-Based Renewable Resources 2020 (sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy), calls for 10% of basic chemical building blocks to be plant-derived by 2020 [16]. 

R6 - Price uncertainty consideration in planning Spot demand quantity and prices are uncertain in commodity business specifically in the considered planning horizon of 3-12 months. Since price is the main buying criterion in commodity business, mid-term demand quantity is mainly influenced by the price level. If spot demand quantity and prices depend on each other, uncertainty can be limited to one parameter while the other parameter is kept constant. The spot demand price is considered as uncertain in this problem leading to different turnover scenarios for the same sales quantity. Lababidi et al. (2004) presenting a petrochemical case that had to consider uncertainty in market prices and raw material costs in supply chain optimization. 

Kurus D (2006) Simulation-based optimization model for supply chain planning of commodities in the chemical industry Technical University of Berlin Lababidi HMS, Ahmed MA, Alatiqi IM, Al-Enzi AF (2004) Optimizing the Supply Chain of a Petrochemical Company under Uncertain Operating and Economic Conditions. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 43 63-73 Labys WC (1973) Dynamic Commodity Models Specification, Estimation and Simulation, Lexington Books, Lexington... 

Figure 5.1 Refinery and petrochemical industry supply chain.

Kuo, T., and Chang, T. (2008) Optimal planning strategy for the supply chains of light aromatic compounds in petrochemical industries. Computers Chemical Engineering, 32, 1147. 

Expanding ethylene and derivatives capacity appears to offer solid returns on investment. Success is predicated on fully exploiting economies of scale, typically reached at capacities of 800,000 to 1 million t/year. However, clever management of capital expenditure, cyclicality, the supply chain, and customers will make a significant difference in the level of returns. To succeed in expanding the product portfolio and geographic reach is even harder, and Middle East petrochemicals companies must tackle several challenges. 

Lababidi H.M.S., Ahmed M.A., Alatiqi I.M. and Al-Enzi A.F. 2004. Optimizing the supply chain of a petrochemical company under uncertain operating and economic conditions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43(1), 63-73. 

Glew, D., Stringer, L.C., Acquaye, A.A., Mcqueen-Mason, S., 2012. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmental impact of product supply chains Comparing biomaterial and petrochemical products. Journal of Cleaner Production 29-30, 122—131. 

Emmett S, Crocker B (2006) The relationship driven-supply chain creating a culture of collaboration throughout the chain. Gower, Aldershot Filho A, Andrade J, Oliveira M (2010) A safety culture maturity model for petrochemical companies in Brazil. Saf Sci 48 615-624... 

As with all products, the introduction of new materials from crops requires the development of new supply chains. These supply lines originate at the agricultural/horticultural industry and are often imfamiliar to companies who traditionally work with petrochemical-based feedstocks. Companies will often need to develop new skills and technologies or seek out partner companies to ensure supply chain competency and security. The following areas need to be understood and considered when developing new plant-derived products ... 

Single supplier, long replacement time, and lack of substitution are supply chain characteristics that lead to a shortage scenario. Figure 3.1 indicates that this is of particular concern in the chemical cat oties of pharmaceuticals, inorganic chemicals, specialty chemicals, and petrochemicals and fossil fuels. Obviously the chemical in question must serve a critical need for a shortage to be of concern. 

McKinnon, A. (2004) Supply Chain Excellence in the European Chemical Industry. CEFIC and The European Petrochemical Association Technical report. 

The major source of raw materials for the preparation of fatty amines is fats and oils such as tallow, and coconut, soya, and palm oils. Ethyl Corporation uses petrochemicals as raw materials to prepare alkyl dimethyl and dialkylmethyl tertiary fatty amines, trademarked as AE)MA and DAMA products, which can be suppHed as single-carbon chain-length cuts or custom blends (13). Commercially available high purity fatty amines are Hsted in Table 3. Cost of the amines can vary owing to supply of raw materials. 

Figure 1.11 Fossil energy requirement for petrochemical polymers and PLA. The cross-hatched area of the bars represent the fossil energy used as chemical feedstock (i.e., fossil resource to build the polymer chain). The solid part of the bars represented the gross fossil energy used for the fuels and operation supplies used to drive the production processes. PC = polycarbonate HIPS = high-impact polystyrene GPPS = general purpose polystyrene LDPE = low-density polyethylene PET SSP = polyethylene terephthalate, solid-state polymerization (bottle grade) PP = polypropylene PET AM = polyethylene terepthalate, amorphous (fiber and film grade) ...

The -butene feed was supplied by the dehydrogenation of n-butane and the plant began the trend to develop oxidation processes using aliphatic petrochemical hydrocarbons. The main incentive, of course, was to use surplus C4 hydrocarbon from steam cracking. This not only used a cheap by-product gas, but the reaction was less complicated because the straight-chain C4 molecule contained fewer carbon atoms tlm aromatic benzene. 

---