Peterson method

Bradford method Bicinchonic acid method Peterson method... 

However, if the allylsilane anion is first complexed with certain metals or metalloids, such as boron or titanium, a-regioselectivity then predominates, and high ant/-diastereo-selectivity is attained with aldehydes as electrophiles.The resultant (3-hydroxysilanes may be converted into ( )- and (Z)-terminal dienes using the Hudrlik-Peterson method. 

Judson R S, W P Jaeger, A M Treasurywala and M L Peterson 1993. Conformational Searching Methods for Small Molecules. 2. Genetic Algorithm Approach. Journal of Computational Chemistry 14 1407-1414. 

The Peterson olefination can be viewed as a silicon variant of the Wittig reaction, the well-known method for the formation of carbon-carbon double bonds. A ketone or aldehyde 1 can react with an a-silyl organometallic compound 2—e.g. with M = Li or Mg—to yield an alkene 3. 

The Peterson olefination is a quite modern method in organic synthesis its mechanism is still not completely understood. " The a-silyl organometallic reagent 2 reacts with the carbonyl substrate 1 by formation of a carbon-carbon single bond to give the diastereomeric alkoxides 4a and 4b upon hydrolysis the latter are converted into /3-hydroxysilanes 5a and 5b ... 

For the purpose of stereoselective synthesis the selective elimination at the stage of the /3-hydroxysilane 5 is not a problem the diastereoselective preparation of the desired /3-hydroxysilane however is generally not possible. This drawback can be circumvented by application of alternative reactions to prepare the /3-hydroxysilane 2 however these methods do not fall into the category of the Peterson reaction. 

Lelea D, Nishio S, Takano K (2004) The experimental research on micro-tube heat transfer and fluid flow of distilled water. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 47 2817-2830 Li J, Peterson GP, Cheng P (2004) Three-dimensional analysis of heat transfer in a micro-heat sink with single phase flow. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 47 4215-4231 Lin TY, Yang CY (2007) An experimental investigation by method of fluid crystal thermography. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 50(23-24) 4736-4742... 

A recent method to screen the urine for alkyl phosphates as an indicator of exposure to organophosphate insecticides shows that the method can be used to determine environmental exposure to a specific organophosphate pesticide. The method was found to be sensitive, identifying low levels of exposure to insecticides in the environment by quantitation of urinary phosphates (Davies and Peterson 1997). The test is limited in that it is only useful for assessing recent exposure, due to the short half-life of the organophosphate pesticides. 

Another method that has been used to prepare phosphaalkenes is the phos-pha-Peterson reaction, a phosphorus analog of the Peterson olefination [46-49]. In this reaction a lithium silylphosphide is treated with an aldehyde or ketone to yield the phosphaalkene (9). Analogous reactions can be conducted with bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphines (10) and ketones (11) using a catalytic quantity of anhydrous base (i.e., NaOH, KOH) [50]. Generally, the reactions proceed cleanly and in high yield. Sufficiently bulky substituents must be employed to stabilize the P=C bond and prevent rapid dimerization to 1,3-diphosphetaines. 

The author thanks the following scientists at DuPont Crop Protection for developing the methods summarized in this chapter Jennifer S. Amoo and William Jones for the watery/dry crop method M. Elena Cabusas, Brock Peterson and Dennis Walker for the alternative watery/dry crop method James J. Stry, Michael Gagnon and Sidney Hill for the soil method and the oily crop method and Lei Jin and Timothy Devine for the water method. 

FQ. Bramble, S. Frizzell, S.W George, B.A. Peterson, D.D. Ranken, J.J. Stry, and A.R. Sumpter, DuPont Project Identification AMR 3954-96 Proposed Analytical Enforcement Method For the Determination of Pyiithiobac Sodium in Cotton Gin Trash Using ASE Extraction and LC/MS/MS Analysis, Dupont, Wilmington, DE (1997). 

Garon, C. F. and Peterson, L. L., An improved method for the isolation of supercoiled DNA molecules using ion-exchange column chromatography, Gene Anal. Technol., 4, 5, 1987. 

Many computer libraries contain programs that perform the necessary statistical calculations and relieve the engineer of this burden. For discussions of the use of weighted least squares methods for the analysis of kinetic data, see Margerison s review (8) on the treatment of experimental data and the treatments of Kittrell et al. (9), and Peterson (10). 

G.L. Peterson, Determination of total protein. In Colowick SP, Kaplan NO. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 91 Enzyme Structure - Part I., 1987, Hirs CHW, Timasheff SN, editors. Londra Academic Press Inc. p 95-119. 

Ramsay Young method, measured range 24.3-158.1°C, Pickett Peterson 1929)... 

The Peterson olefination reaction involves the addition of an a-silyl substituted anion to an aldehyde or a ketone followed by the elimination of silylcarbinol either under acidic (awP -elimination) or basic (syn-elimination) conditions to furnish olefins178. Thus, Peterson olefination, just like Wittig and related reactions, is a method for regioselective conversion of a carbonyl compound to an olefin. Dienes and polyenes can be generated when the Peterson reaction is conducted using either an ,/l-unsaturated carbonyl compound or unsaturated silyl derivatives as reaction partners (Table 20)179. 

Several strategies closely related to the Peterson synthesis have been developed for diene and polyene generation. Angell, Parsons and coworkers reported a mild method for the diene installation on a carbonyl group using a y-bromoallylsilanc reagent in the presence of excess chromous chloride and a catalytic amount of nickel(II) chloride (equation 102)180. 

It was recently suggested by Nicklass and Peterson [60] that the use of core polarization potentials (CPPs) [61] could be an inexpensive and effective way to account, for the effects of inner shell correlation. The great potential advantage of this indeed rather inexpensive method over the MSFT bond-equivalent model is that it does not depend on... 

Estabrook, R.W., Peterson, J., Baron, J. and Hildebrandt, A. G. The spectrophotometric measurement of turbid suspensions of cytochromes associated with drug metabolism. In "Methods in Pharmacology". Chignell, C. F. (Ed.). 2 303-350. Meredith Corporation. New York. 1972. 

Lucas, C., C. Nelson, M.L. Peterson, S. Frie, D. Vetterlein, T. Gregory, and A.B. Chen (1988). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the determination of contaminants resulting from the immunoaffinity purification of recombinant proteins. J Immunol Methods 113(1) 113-122. 

Lu W, Peterson R, Dasgupta A, Scovell WM (2000) Influence of HMG-1 and adenovirus oncoprotein ElA on early stages of transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly. J Biol Chem 275 35006-35012 Luger K, Mader AW, Richmond RK, Sargent DF, Richmond TJ (1997) Crystal structure of the nucle-osome core particle at 2.8 A resolution. Nature 389 251—260 Lusser A, Kadonaga JT (2004) Strategies for the reconstitution of chromatin. Nat Methods 1 19-26 Maeshima K, Laemmli UK (2003) A two-step scaffolding model for mitotic chromosome assembly. Dev Cell 4 467-480... 

Several additional useful publications demonstrating practical applications of CE/MS methods for neurotransmitter analysis and neuropharmaceutical studies are those of Larsson and Lutz (2000) (neuropeptides including substance P) Hettiarachchi et al. (2001) (synthetic opioid peptides) Varesio et al. (2002) (amyloid-beta peptide) Zamfir and Peter-Katalinic (2004) (gangliosides) Peterson et al. (2002) (catecholamines and metanephrines) Cherkaoui and Veuthey (2002) (fluoxetine) and Smyth and Brooks (2004) (various lower molecular weight molecules including benzodiazepines, steroids, and cannabinols). 

D.S. Goldman, Near-Infrared spectroscopy in process analysis, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, J.W. Peterson (ed.), vol 9, Process Instrumental Methods, John Wiley Sons, New York, 2000. 

Shogren-Rnaak, M.A. and Peterson, C.L. (2004) Creating designer histones hy native chemical ligation. Methods in Enzymohgy, 375, 62—76. 

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