Pests environment

Vos JG, van Genderen H. 1973. Toxicological aspects of immunosuppression. Pest Environ Control 527-545. 

S. O. Duke,. . Meim, and. R. Plimmer, eds.. Pest Control with Enhanced Environment Safety, ACS Symposium Series No. 524, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1993. 

Many factors affect the mechanisms and kinetics of sorption and transport processes. For instance, differences in the chemical stmcture and properties, ie, ionizahility, solubiUty in water, vapor pressure, and polarity, between pesticides affect their behavior in the environment through effects on sorption and transport processes. Differences in soil properties, ie, pH and percentage of organic carbon and clay contents, and soil conditions, ie, moisture content and landscape position climatic conditions, ie, temperature, precipitation, and radiation and cultural practices, ie, crop and tillage, can all modify the behavior of the pesticide in soils. Persistence of a pesticide in soil is a consequence of a complex interaction of processes. Because the persistence of a pesticide can govern its availabiUty and efficacy for pest control, as weU as its potential for adverse environmental impacts, knowledge of the basic processes is necessary if the benefits of the pesticide ate to be maximized. 

A pesticide is defined, under the Food and Environment Protection Act (1985), as any substance, preparation or organism prepared or used for destroying any pest . Pesticides include herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, molliiscicides, roden-ticides, growth regulators, and masonry and timber preservatives. 

The OPP seeks to protect public health and the environment from the risks posed by pesticides and to promote safer means of pest control. 

In an article dealing with applications of olefin CM to a series of commercial products [138], solvent-free CM between ( )-3-hexene (produced by homocoupling of 1-butene) and 11-eicosenyl acetate 303 (produced from jojoba oil) was used to produce acetate 304 (Scheme 59), which is - as a natural 82 18 (EIZ) mixture - the pheromone of omnivorous leafroller, and serves as an environment-friendly pest controlling agent. The CM reaction was performed without solvent at 5 °C with a 4 1 mixture of ( )-3-hexene and 303, in the presence of only 0.2 mol% catalyst C, and furnished after 20 h coupling product 304 ( Z=83 17) in 50% yield. 

The environmental fate and behavior of compounds depends on their physical, chemical, and biochemical properties. Individual OPs differ considerably from one another in their properties and, consequently, in their environmental behavior and the way they are used as pesticides. Pesticide chemists and formulators have been able to exploit the properties of individual OPs in order to achieve more effective and more environment-friendly pest control, for example, in the development of compounds like chlorfenviphos, which has enough stability and a sufficiently low vapor pressure to be effective as an insecticidal seed dressing, but, like other OPs, is readily biodegradable thus, it was introduced as a more environment-friendly alternative to persistent OCs as a seed dressing. 

Brown, A.W.A. (1971). Pest resistance to pesticides In Pesticides in the Environment, R. White-Stevens (Ed.) Dekker New York, 437-551. 

Trevisan M, Di Guardo A, Balderacchi M (2009) An environmental indicator to drive sustainable pest management practices. Environ Model Software 24(8) 994-1002... 

Allelopathy arises because growth stimulating, or inhibiting plant and microbial produced biochemicals which are released into the environment. The stress conditions such as moisture, temperature, fertilizer, soil, pests,... 

Gintenreiter, S., J. Ortel, and H.J. Nopp. 1993. Effects of different dietary levels of cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc on the vitality of the forest pest insect Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae, Lepid). Arch. Environ. 

Diazinon (phosphorothioic acid 0,0-diethyl 0-(6-mcthyl-2-(l-mcthylcthyl)-4-pyrimidinyl) ester) is an organophosphorus compound with an anticholinesterase mode of action. It is used extensively to control hies, lice, insect pests of ornamental plants and food crops, as well as nematodes and soil insects in lawns and croplands. Diazinon degrades rapidly in the environment, with half-time persistence usually less than 14 days. But under conditions of low temperature, low moisture, high alkalinity, and lack of suitable microbial degraders, diazinon may remain biologically active in soils for 6 months or longer. 

Synthetic pyrethroids now account for at least 30% of the world insecticide market and are rapidly replacing other agricultural chemicals for control of insect pests. Fenvalerate is one of the more widely used synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. It is derived from a combination of a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and a-isopropyl phenylacetate ester. Technical fenvalerate is a mixture of four optical isomers, each occurring in equal amounts but with different efficacies against insect pests. Fenvalerate does not usually persist in the environment for >10 weeks, and it does not accumulate readily in the biosphere. Time for 50% loss (Tb 1/2) in fenvalerate-exposed amphibians, birds, and mammals was 6 to 14 h for reptiles, terrestrial insects, aquatic snails, and fish it was >14 h to <2 days and for various species of crop plants, it was 2 to 28 days. Fenvalerate degradation in water is due primarily to photoactivity, and in soils to microbial activity. Half-time persistence in nonbiological materials is variable, but may range up to 6 days in freshwater, 34 days in seawater, 6 weeks in estuarine sediments, and 9 weeks in soils. 

Natural pyrethrins, insecticidal ingredients occurring in the flowers of Tanacetum cinerariaefolium (also known as Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium or Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium), have been modified for higher stability in the environment as well as better biological performance for more than 40 years, and consequently more than 30 synthetic pyrethroids have been marketed and used worldwide for controlling indoor and agricultural pest insects [1,2]. 

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