Pesticides naturally occurring

C. M. Ignoffo, ed.. Handbook of Naturally Occurring Pesticides Microbial Insecticides, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1986. 

UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food and Flealth and Safety Executive, Annual Report of the Working Party on Pesticide Residues in Food (1997), MAFF Publications, London, 1997. lARC, Monographs on the Evabiation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Hnmans Volume 56 Some Naturally Occurring Substances Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, WFIO, Geneva, 1979, p. 397. 

Chemicals are ubiquitous as air, carbohydrates, enzymes, lipids, minerals, proteins, vitamins, water, and wood. Naturally occurring chemicals are supplemented by man-made substances. There are about 70000 chemicals in use with another 500-1000 added each year. Their properties have been harnessed to enhance the quality of life, e.g. cosmetics, detergents, energy fuels, explosives, fertilizers, foods and drinks, glass, metals, paints, paper, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, plastics, rubber, solvents, textiles thus chemicals are found in virtually all workplaces. Besides the benefits, chemicals also pose dangers to man and the environment. For example ... 

NOTE There are various types of organic contaminants that can be present in boiler FW, including trace amounts of pesticides and naturally occurring humic, fulvic, and tannic acids, and solvent-extractable oily matter, such as nonvolatile hydrocarbons, vegetable oils, animal fats, waxes, soaps, greases, and the like. 

Copping, L.G. and Menn, J.J. (2000). Biopesticides A Review of Their Action, Applications, and Efficacy—A valuable account of naturally occurring compounds that act as pesticides. 

The activities of enforcement laboratories should not be focused on irrelevant problems. Therefore, a clear definition of the relevant residue is needed. In the crops and food sector, procedures are well established to derive the two residue definitions, one for risk assessment and one for monitoring, from metabolism studies. As far as environmental samples are concerned, there is much potential for improvement. There are no clear criteria as to which metabolites should be included in monitoring and control programs. Additionally, the development of criteria for nonpriority pesticides, e.g., naturally occurring compounds or low-risk products, which can be excluded from monitoring exercises would be helpful for laboratories and evaluators. 

Another useful compound is the 1 2 telomer of malonate and butadiene, 137. The first example is the synthesis of pellitorine (138), a naturally occurring pesticide (126). The terminal double bond was hydrogenated selectively with RuCl2(PPh3)3 as a catalyst. Partial hydrolysis afforded the monoester, which was treated with PhSeSePh to displace one of the carboxyl group with phenylselenyl group. Oxidative removal of the phenylselenyl group afforded 2,4-decadienoate (139), which is converted to pellitorine (138) ... 

This document deals only with estimating exposure to direct additives and chemical contaminants. The procedures used to estimate exposure to chemical contaminants in food (including naturally occurring toxicants, such as mycotoxins) are essentially the same as those used for direct additives. Thus, contaminants will be considered in the discussion of direct additive exposure estimation. The procedures discussed herein are equally applicable to color additives, GRAS substances, prior-sanctioned ingredients, and pesticide residues. 

Nathanson, J. A. (1984). Caffeine and related methylxanthines possible naturally occurring pesticides. Science 226,184-187. 

Existing substances do not include Synthetic polymers (which are registered in EINECS under their building block monomers) medical, cosmetic, and pesticide preparations as intentional mixtures food feedstuffs alloys, such as stainless steel (but individual components of alloys are included) and most naturally occurring raw materials, including coal and most ores. 

Toxicological evaluations of food additives and of contaminants, naturally occurring toxicants and residues of veterinary drugs in food produced by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), and of pesticide residues in food by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) are used by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and national governments to set international food standards and safe levels for protection of the consumer. 

Many people think the ultimate pesticide should be developed from research now being done on certain insect attractants and juvenile hormones. Isolation of naturally occurring sex attractants (pheromones) and juvenile hormones has been accomplished. The attractants could be used to congregate large numbers of insects in one place for extermination by the already existing insecticides. Alternatively, juvenile hormones have been found that prevent maturation or cause sterility in many pests. 

Nicotine is a potent drug with a long history of use and enormous effects on our society. From a toxicology perspective, nicotine is a naturally occurring pesticide in tobacco, a powerful drug with multiple nervous system effects, and thus cigarettes are a drug delivery device. 

The creatures of the world, both animals and plants, produce a wide range of biologically active substances. Biologically active substances produced by animals or plants that cause an adverse effect are called toxins. Toxins refers only to toxic agents produced by animals and plants, not toxic substances such a lead or pesticides. The classification of a substance as a toxin tends to be in the eye of the beholder. Is caffeine, a naturally occurring agent in many plants, a toxin or just a pharmacologically active compound or both ... 

Use naturally occurring (mold, radon) and purchased household products (medicines, pesticides, cleaning agents, paint, mercury thermometers) Source natural and manufactured Recommended daily intake usually not recommended Absorption skin, oral, inhalation... 

Pyrethrins are naturally occurring pesticides derived from chrysanthemum plants. They are active against many insects and mites. Over-the-counter liquid and gel preparations of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide are available for the treatment of pediculosis (piperonyl butoxide inhibits the hydrolytic enzymes that metabolize the pyrethrins in the arthropod). A synthetic pyre-throid, permethrin (Elimite), is available by prescription. A lower concentration of permethrin (Nix) is available without prescription. Pyrethrins and permethrin are quite safe. 

Below-grade bioremediation is an ex situ technology designed to treat soil, sludge, and sediment impacted with chlorinated cyclodiene insecticides such as chlordane and heptachlor. Naturally occurring fungi are added to pesticide-contaminated soil, which is then treated in a below-grade actively aerated bioremediation cell. 

I. Schmeltz, in Naturally Occurring Pesticides , eds. M. Jacobsen and D.G. Crosby, Marcel Dekker, New York, 99 pp. 

Only a small proportion of natural pesticides have been tested for carcinogenicity, but 38 of the 72 tested are rodent carcinogens. As shown in Table 2, naturally occurring pesticides that are rodent carcinogens are ubiquitous in common fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. The widespread distribution of such chemicals means that no diet can be free of natural chemicals that are rodent carcinogens. 

Overall, our analyses have shown that HERP values for some historically high exposures in the workplace—to butadiene and tetrachloroethylene—and to some pharmaceuticals—clolibrate —rank high, and that there is an enormous background of naturally occurring rodent carcinogens in typical portions of common foods. The background of natural exposures casts doubt on the relative importance of low-dose exposures to residues of synthetic chemicals such as pesticides. (A committee of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences reached similar conclusions about natural vs. synthetic chemicals in the diet, and called for further research on natural chemicals.) 16... 

Biochemical pesticides include all naturally occurring substances (or their structurally similar synthetic analogs) that are intended for use as attractants, repellents, desiccants, semiochemicals, plant and insect regulators, and induced systemic response (ISR) and systemic acquired response (SAR) inducers. 

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