Pesticides economic aspects

Synthetic organic fibers, 24 614 Synthetic organic insecticides, 14 339 Synthetic organic pesticides, economic aspects of, 18 532... 

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1975). DDT A review of scientific and economic aspects of the decision to ban its use as a pesticide. Washington D.C. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 

USEPA (1975) DDT regulatory history a brief survey (to 1975). Excerpt from DDT, a Review of Scientific and Economic Aspects of the Decision to Ban Its Use as a Pesticide, prepared for the Committee on Appropriations of the US House of Representatives by EPA, July 1975, EPA-540/1-75-022, 10 September 2009 update http //www.epa.gov/history/topics/ddt/ 02.htm (last accessed 30 April 2010). 

Chapter 11 presents an overview of the agrochemical industry. Beginning with the introduction and historical background, it leads to the modern trends in agriculture, chemical pest control, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and biological pest control agents. Social and economic aspects of pesticides use are also discussed. 

The fundamental chemistry, especially of the newer economic poisons, is of primary importance. The mechanism of action of the various types of economic poisons and the relation of structure to toxicity of insects are of fundamental interest. Chemical versus biological methods of evaluation should be presented. Performance methods of evaluation of these chemicals have been given careful consideration by several workers. Emphasis was placed by several workers on the need for much additional information on various aspects of the problem regarding the use of DDT, 2,4-D, and other pesticides. There is direct importance in studies on the metabolism of DDT. 

Decisions taken by regulators have important economical consequences for the industry that manufactures pesticides, the farmers, the workers and the consumers. Such consequences, justify the need for regulators to have well supported data related to the four steps of the risk assessment process. Risk assessment requires a robust analytical basis studies addressed either to hazard identification or exposure estimation. Both have to be conducted under good laboratory practice (GLP) certification [6]. This paper deals with the key points of hazard identification and exposure assessment, both aspects highly influenced by the solubility and physical-chemical properties of pesticides. 

Content-related fields are information type , use of chemicals , number of chemicals , and descriptor . A few data-sources specialize in types of information, e.g., ecotoxicity or identification parameters. On the other hand, there exist special databases for specific uses of chemical substances, e.g., pesticide databases. As there are databases which contain thousands of chemicals and others which only describe hundreds, the field number of chemicals is given. For a comprehensive description of the content of a source, a thesaurus containing key words which are of interest to the problem of environmental chemicals, has been developed. These key words can be found in the descriptor field. The thesaurus, which takes into account most of the parameters required by the German Chemicals Act for registering chemical substances, treats not only environmental but also health and worlqrlace exposure aspects. The thesaurus encompasses, for example, the identification of chemicals, data on detection of chemicals in the environment, use of chemicals, economic data, physical-chemical properties, degradation and accumulation data, ecotoxicity, eff ects on wildlife, toxicity effects on mammals, effects on human organisms, information in relation to the workplace, etc. 

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