Pesticide in drinking water

In 1980 the Drinking Water Directive was introduced, which specified a maximum limit of 0.1 /rgU for any pesticide in drinking water and 0.5 /rgU for total pesticides. Monitoring was needed for a wide range of pesticides in water and this became the impetus for developing new analytical techniques capable of detecting pesticides at very low levels. Consequently, analytical techniques improved and more pesticides were detected in watercourses and water supplies. 

R. Kindervater, W. Kiinnecke, and R.D. Schimid, Exchangeable immobilized enzyme reactor for enzyme inhibition tests in flow-injection analysis using a magnetic device. Determination of pesticides in drinking water. Anal. Chim. Acta 234, 113-117 (1990). 

M. Minunni and M. Mascini, Detection of pesticide in drinking water using real-time biospecific intraction analysis (BIA). Anal. Lett. 26, 1441-1460 (1993). 

Gustafson, D.I. (1993) Pesticides in Drinking Water, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 

Schafer ML, Peeler JT, Gardner WS, etal. 1969. Pesticides in drinking water Waters from the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Environ Sci Technol 3 1261-1269. 

US-EPA (1992) Another look national survey of pesticides in drinking water wells. Phase II Report, EPA 570/9-91-020, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA... 

Quality Assurance Project Plan for the National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells Well Sampling, Data Collection, and Processing... 

Millions of pounds (1 lb = 0.454 k) of pesticides are used on croplands, forests, lawns, and gardens in the United States each year. A large quantity of hazardous pesticides is also released by the pesticide industry to the environment. These hazardous pesticides drain off into surface waters or seep into underground water supplies. Many pesticides pose health problems if they get into drinking water and the water is not properly treated. The maximum limits for pesticides in drinking water are (a) endrin, 0.0002 mg/L (b) lindane, 0.004 mg/L (c) methoxychlor, 0.1 mg/L (d) toxaphene, 0.005 mg/L (e) 2,4-D, 0.1 mg/L and (f) 2,4,5-TP silvex, 0.01 mg/L. 

Driss MR, Hennion M-C, Bouguerra ML. 1993. Determination of carbaryl and some organophosphorus pesticides in drinking water using on-line liquid chromatographic preconcentration techniques. J Chromatogr 639 352-358. 

In the EU Directive on Drinking Water Quality [35], 23 individual chemical parameters have specific limits together with two group limits for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides. In the case of pesticides, no individual pesticide is permitted to exceed 0.1 pgL , and pesticides in total should not exceed 0.5 xgL" . These limits were a compromise, the original demand having been for a zero limit for pesticides in drinking water, and these standards were set, in 1998, as the effective analytical detection limit. The revision of this directive and its application to pharmaceuticals is currently under discussion, although it seems unlikely that specific limits will be set for individual pharmaceuticals [36]. 

Isocratic conditions have been established for HPLC with ultraviolet detection to determine trace levels of five pesticides frequently used in fruits, e.g., paraoxon, guthion, methyl-parathion, ethyl-parathion, and fenitrothion, in fruits and surface water (95). And HPLC was adapted for the determination of trace concentrations of seven OPP pesticides in drinking water. The analytes concentrated on the precolumn were eluted and separated on a C18 analytical column with an elution gradient program and determined by measuring their UV absorption (48). 

A Di Corcia, M Marchetti. Multiresidue method for pesticides in drinking water using a graphitized carbon black cartridge extraction and liquid chromatographic analysis. Anal Chem 63 580-585,1991. 

The 1989 European Community Water Act restricts the concentration of all pesticides in drinking water (<500 ng/liter), and therefore sensitive,... 

O Hara, P. B. and J. A. Sanborn (1999) Pesticides in drinking water Project-based learning within the introductory chemistry curriculum. Journal of Chemical Education 76(12), 1673. 

USEPA (1990) National Pesticide Survey Summary Results of Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells. Washington, DC US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 

Figure 75. Multiple-wavelength scan in the analysis for pesticides in drinking water...

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