Monitoring personal

Noise. Technical differences exist between personal noise dosimeters and high accuracy sound level meters and these may alter the usual preference for personal monitors. But it is exposure to noise rather than general room noise that must be estimated for comparison with noise exposure criteria, the logarithmic expression and alternative means of summation (3 vs 5 db doubling) compHcate statistics. Exposure criteria for both dose and peak exposure must be evaluated, and space and time variabiUty of noise intensity can be immense. 

Heat. Personal monitoring of the environmental conditions which impose a heat stress on a worker is impractical, so fixed station measurement of such parameters as wet bulb globe temperature are usually made (see Temperature measurements). These stations are carefully selected so that the results, plus worker location and workload data, can be combined to yield an overall heat stress estimate. Heat strain, the effect on the human, can be estimated from core body temperature, but this is usually only a research tool. 

Symposium on Toxicology, Carcinogenesis, and Human Health Effects of 1,3-Butadiene (265). Detailed comparisons of various personal monitoring devices are available (266), and control of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene has been reviewed (267). ... 

Tetra-alkyl lead compounds in air Personal monitoring with atomic absorption analysis or electrothermal atomization or X-ray fluorescence spectrometry or on-site colorimetry 9... 

Personal monitoring devices (sometimes referred to as "dosimeters") are carried or worn by individuals and are used to measure that individual s exposure to particular chemical(s). Devices that include a pump are called "active" monitors devices that do not include a pump are called "passive" monitors. Such devices are currently used for research purposes. It is possible that sometime in the future they may also be helpful in lAQ investigations in public and commercial buildings. 

Does the SAHP preseribe personal monitoring programs to meet the speeifle personal monitoring requirements for materials present on site that are listed in 1910.1001-1048 [OSHA Referenee 1910.1001 to. 1048, as applieable]... 

MDHS9 Tetra alkyl lead compounds in air (personal monitoring). 

Davis, J.E. (1980) Minimizing occupational exposure to pesticides personal monitoring, Residue Rev., 75 33-50. 

Borders RA, Gluck SJ, Sowle WF, et al. 1986. Development and validation of personal monitoring methods for low levels of acrylonitrile in workplace atmosphere II. Thermal desorption and field validation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47 158-163. 

Gentry SJ, Walsh PT. 1987. Eight hour TWA personal monitoring using a diffusive sampler and short-term stain tube. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48(3) 287-292. 

Antibodies to hydroxymethyl uracil, an oxdized DNA base, were determined in workers exposed to nickel and cadmium, and in welders (Frenkel et al. 1994). Compared to controls, a significant increase in these antibodies was noted in the most highly exposed workers. Personal monitoring of 12 workers exposed to nickel and cadmium showed correlation coefficients between exposure concentrations and the antibodies of 0.4699 for cadmium and 0.7225 for nickel. Antibodies to hydroxymethyl uracil were not increased among welders. The levels of antibodies in the control populations for the nickel cadmium workers and for the welders were different indicating the importance of determining the distribution of a new biomarker in controls for each population that is studied. This preliminary study suggests that antibodies to oxidized DNA products may be useful biomarkers for nickel and other metals that induce oxidative stress. 

In many external exposure circumstances, dose equivalent estimates obtained from personal monitors significantly overestimate Hz or E, particularly when the body is not uniformly irradiated due to the irradiation conditions or due to protective shielding of portions of the body. Specifically in these cases, the numerical relationships between monitoring data and Hz or E need to be better understood, so that appropriate monitoring practices are selected and monitoring data are properly evaluated. 

Section 1 of the Report presents the quantities Hz and E and the relationship of each quantity to its corresponding radiation protection system. Section 2 describes the use of personal monitors for workers in the United States, including their calibration and how they are worn on individuals in various occupational settings. Section 3 discusses practical ways to use one or two personal monitors to obtain estimates of Hz and E. Section 4 provides the NCRP s... 

A particular set of values for tissue doses does not lead to the same numerical value for He and E. For example, assume a case in which the body is partially irradiated, the exposure is primarily to the chest, and the tissue doses are breast, 2 mSv lungs, 1 mSv active bone marrow, 0.2 mSv skin, 0.2 mSv other specific tissues and remainder tissues, negligible. The resulting values are He = 0.44 mSv and E = 0.25 mSv. For this reason, one cannot directly compare previous numerical values of He to current numerical values of E. Note also that a personal monitor located on the front at the chest would have indicated a dose equivalent in excess of 2 mSv, which is an overestimate of either or E. 

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