Permian

As shown in Table 8, U.S. distribution of oil and natural gas reserves is centered in Alaska, Cahfomia, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and the U.S. outer-continental shelf. Alaska reserves include both the Pmdhoe Bay deposits and the Cook Inlet fields. Cahfomia deposits include those in Santa Barbara, the Wilmington Eield, the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 at Bakersfield, and other offshore oil deposits. The Yates Pield, Austin Chalk formation, and Permian Basin are among the producing sources of petroleum and natural gas in Texas. 

Most CO2 miscible EOR projects are located in the west Texas Permian Basin where as much as two-thirds of the oil remains after waterflooding. An incremental (10%) recovery is typical for Permian Basin CO2 floods, which could correspond to as much as 0.5 x 10 (3-4 x 10 bbl) (23). 

Permeabilitat, /. permeability. Permeabilltatsmesser, m. permeameter. permisch, a. Geol.) Permian, permutieren, v.i. Math.) permute treat with permutite. 

Rotliegendes, n. (Geol.) a system of sandstones, shales and conglomerates of the lower Permian of Germany. 

Permian Appeiechian Mountains clkTtax Mammai-iike reptiles... 

In the United States, air and gas drilling techniques are used extensively in parts of the southwest in and around the San Juan Basin, in parts of the Permian Basin, in Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, in Maryland, Virginia and parts of Tennessee. Internationally, oil and gas drilling operations are carried out with air and gas drilling techniques in parts of the Middle East, North Africa and in the Western Pacific. 

Lyons, W. C., et al., Field testing of a downhole pneumatic turbine motor , Geothermal Energy Symposium, ASME/GRC, January 10-13, 1988. Magner, N. J., Air motor drill, The Petroleum Engineer, October 1960. Downs, H. F., Application and evaluation of air-hammer drilling in the Permian Basin, API Drilling and Production Practices, 1960. 

Permian 290 Myr All land united in one large continent - Pangaea large glaciers form. Reptiles, including mammal-like forms, radiate amphibians decline diverse orders of insects evolve. Conifers appear. Mass extinction at end of period (ca. 95% of all species disappear)... 

Age of formation of Hitachi subtype is Middle Permian (Yanahara), and carboniferous-Permian (Hitachi). 

R. C. Navarrete, J. M. Seheult, and R. E. Himes. Applications of xanthan gum in fluid-loss control and related formation damage. In Proceedings Volume. SPE Permian Basin Oil Gas Recovery Conf (Midland, TX, 3/21-3/23), 2000. 

Jones CE, Halliday AN, Lohmann KC (1995) The impact of diagenesis on high-precision U-Pb dating of ancient carbonates An example from the Late Permian of New Mexico. Earth Planet Sci Lett... 

Sandstone The tertiary, Jurassic and Triassic sandstones of the western Cordillera of the United States account for most of the uranium production in that country. Cretaceous and Permian sandstones are important host rocks in Argentina. Other important deposits are found in carboniferous deltaic sandstones in Niger in Permian Lacustrine siltstones in France and in Permian sandstones of the Alpine region. The deposits in Precambrian marginal marine sandstones in Gabon have also been classified as sandstone deposits. 

In the transition towards mammals, the features of a typical intermediate group, the Pelycosaurs (Permian, mammal-like reptiles, Fig. 1.2) probably reflect those now seen in tme mammals. The early mammals presumably maintained the oral sampling of odours, as suggested at a... 

Heller, J.P. Taber, J.J.,SPE 15001 presented at the Permian Basin Oil Gas Recovery Conference of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Midland, TX, March 1986. 

The term "Gondwanaland" in Table I refers to a once-existing supercontinent consisting of what are now known as Africa, South America, Antarctica, Australasia and India (5). The Permian coals... 

Concerning the distribution of degradofusinites, M. Teichmuller states (26) "By far the greatest part of Carboniferous and Permian fusinite and semifusinite occurs in dull coal bands (du-rains). These fusinites, in contrast to the fusain lenses, are not visible macroscopically. Their cell structures are poorly... 

There are certainly lithotypes that can be handpicked from European and American coals that are relatively rich in fusinite and semifusinite. However, it is perhaps significant that the mean content of total fusinite + semifusinite in 697 coal samples in the Penn State/DOE Data Base is 8.9%. On the other hand, the content of inertinite macerals in the Permian coals of Gondwana-land is notoriously high and much of this inertinite material consists of semifusinite (5,26,33,34), the concentration of which can be as high as 50% in the whole seam. 

Gray et al. (33) state that one third of the semifusinite in Permian coals of South Africa is assumed to be reactive in coking this is the same proportion as is assumed reactive in U.S. coals by some workers, as will be documented later. In fact, it seems to be assumed that pyrofusinite and degradofusinite have the same reactivities (35). However, the evidence for this proposition is scanty and it is evidently undergoing a careful re-examination, as is made clear in the contribution to this symposium by Durie (34). 

Whereas the majority of the black coals in the northern hemisphere, including the USA and Europe, were formed during the Carboniferous age, the black coals of Australia are, in the main, Permian. The latter include the coals from the two major basins -the Sydney and the Bowen - and also large deposits in the Galilee Basin (Queensland), at Oaklands (N.S.W.), Lake Phillipson (South Australia) and Collie (West Australia) as well as the deep coal in the Cooper Basin (the Cooper Basin is in the N.E. corner of South Australia extending into the S.W. corner of Queensland (refer Fig. 1)). 

These Permian coals, together with counterparts in India, South Africa, Antarctica and South America, are referred to as Gondwana coals after the hypothetical super-continent which subsequently broke up into the continents and sub-continents mentioned above (5). ... 

The Australian Permian coals vary widely in rank (maturity) and type (vitrinite content) from the Oaklands (N.S.W.) coal at 72% (dry ash-free basis) carbon, a hard brown coal (6), containing 17% vitrinite, at one extreme - through high volatile bituminous coals such as Galilee (Queensland) coal at 77% carbon, 16% vitrinite Blair Athol (Queensland) coal at 82% carbon, 28% vitrinite, Liddell (N.S.W.) coal at 82% carbon, and >70% vitrinite - to low volatile bituminous such as Peak Downs (Queensland) at 89% carbon, 71% vitrinite, and Bulli seam (N.S.W.) 89% carbon, 45% vitrinite. 

In addition to the Permian coals there are occurrences of Mesozoic and Tertiary coals in Australia. Mesozoic coals occur in small basins in South Australia, Tasmania, New South Wales and Queensland and vary in rank from brown to bituminous. Perhaps the most notable occurrences in the present context are the Walloon coals in the Clarence-Morton basin in Queensland, e.g. Millmerran bituminous coal (78% carbon, vitrinite plus exinite 90%). ... 

If the asteroid-impact theory is correct, the extinctions should be repetitive and the Ir anomaly should be observed in other geological stratigraphic levels corresponding to known extinctions. About five other massive extinctions (besides the one at the end of the Cretaceous Period) have been noted [25]. These come at the end of the Cambrian ( 500 MY ago), the Ordovician (M35 MY age), the Devonian ( 345 MY ago), the Permian ( 230 MY ago) and the Triassic ( 195 MY ago) Periods. 

Lee, M.-K. and C. M. Bethke, 1994, Groundwater flow, late cementation, and petroleum accumulation in the Permian Lyons sandstone, Denver basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 78,217-237. 

Black coal. Black coal ranges from Cretaceous age (65 to 105 million years ago) to mid-Permian age (up to 260 million years ago). They are all black some are sooty and still quite high in moisture (sub-bituminous coal). A common name for this coal in many parts of the world is "black lignite. Coals that get more deeply buried by other rocks lose more moisture and start to lose their oxygen and hydrogen they are harder and shinier (e.g., bituminous coal). Typical energy contents are around 24 to 28 MJ/kg. These coals generally have less than 3% moisture, but some power stations burn coal at up to 30% ash. 

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