Pentanol, solubility

As shown in Figure 2, the rate of SAN copolymerization in the presence of ZnCl2 is solvent dependent. The greatest rates of polymerization were noted in 1-pentanol (solubility parameter 6=10.9 H) and tert.-butyl alcohol (6=10.6 H). The rates were correspondingly slower in less polar 1-octanol (6=10.3 H), and in more polar 1-butanol (6=11.4 H) and 1-propanol (6=11.9 H). PSAN swells slightly in 1-octanol, but is insoluble in the other alcohols. Presumably the optimum solubility parameter range 10.6-10.9 H (the solubility parameters of 1-pentanol and tert.-butyl alcohol) corresponds to the optimum solvency of the CTC and the optimum minimum solvation of the copolymer. The slower rates in 1-butanol and 1-propanol, both poor solvents for the copolymer, are probably due to the inability of the polarized CTC to penetrate the non-polar macroradical coil. The slower rate of... 

Paine et al. [85] extensively studied the effect of solvent in the dispersion polymerization of styrene in the polar media. In their study, the dispersion polymerization of styrene was carried out by changing the dispersion medium. They used hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as the stabilizer and its concentration was fixed to 1.5% within a series of -alcohols tried as the dispersion media. The particle size increased from only 2.0 /itm in methanol to about 8.3 /itm in pentanol, and then decreased back to 1 ixm in octadecanol. The particle size values plotted against the Hansen solubility parameters... 

C12-0087. Rank the following substances in order of increasing solubility in water, and state the reasons for your rankings Cg Hg (benzene), HOCH2 CH(OH) CH(OH) CH2 OH (erythritol), and C5 Hii OH (pentanol). 

In almost all theoretical studies of AGf , it is postulated or tacitly understood that when an ion is transferred across the 0/W interface, it strips off solvated molecules completely, and hence the crystal ionic radius is usually employed for the calculation of AGfr°. Although Abraham and Liszi [17], in considering the transfer between mutually saturated solvents, were aware of the effects of hydration of ions in organic solvents in which water is quite soluble (e.g., 1-octanol, 1-pentanol, and methylisobutyl ketone), they concluded that in solvents such as NB andl,2-DCE, the solubility of water is rather small and most ions in the water-saturated solvent exist as unhydrated entities. However, even a water-immiscible organic solvent such as NB dissolves a considerable amount of water (e.g., ca. 170mM H2O in NB). In such a medium, hydrophilic ions such as Li, Na, Ca, Ba, CH, and Br are selectively solvated by water. This phenomenon has become apparent since at least 1968 by solvent extraction studies with the Karl-Fischer method [35 5]. Rais et al. [35] and Iwachido and coworkers [36-39] determined hydration numbers, i.e., the number of coextracted water molecules, for alkali and alkaline earth metal... 

Cosolvent flooding is accomplished by the introduction of a cosolvent solution, with subsequent extraction of contaminated groundwater and NAPL. In one reported field test study that focused on enhanced dissolution, the use of about nine pore volumes of a 70% ethanol, 12% pentanol solution injected into a test cell resulted in about 81% bulk NAPL removal, with a higher removal efficiency for several other individual compounds. In another field test study, where mobilization removal was emphasized, injection of about four pore volumes of a mixture of tert-butanol and w-hcxanol into a test cell resulted in the removal of about 80% of the bulk NAPL, and higher removal efficiency of the more-soluble NAPL compounds. 

The suitability of dialkylcyanamides was first examined (5, 6). In boiling butanol, pentanol or toluene, biguanides were formed, the best yields being obtainable in the last solvent (702, 632). The synthesis was also effected by fusion of the reactants at 130°. The rate of formation of the biguanide was followed by means of the sparingly soluble bigua-... 

It is well known that the aqueous phase behavior of surfactants is influenced by, for example, the presence of short-chain alcohols [66,78]. These co-surfactants increase the effective value of the packing parameter [67,79] due to a decrease in the area per head group and therefore favor the formation of structures with a lower curvature. It was found that organic dyes such as thymol blue, dimidiiunbromide and methyl orange that are not soluble in pure supercritical CO2, could be conveniently solubihzed in AOT water-in-C02 reverse microemulsions with 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-l-pentanol as a co-surfactant [80]. In a recent report [81] the solubilization capacity of water in a Tx-lOO/cyclohexane/water system was foimd to be influenced by the compressed gases, which worked as a co-surfactant. 

In many cases it is advantageous to remove the hydrolyzed reagent, DNP-OH, from the reaction mixture in order to prevent its interference during chromatography with amino acid derivatives which are soluble in diethyl ether. This may be accomplished by dissolving the crude DNP derivatives in 91% sulfuric acid and extracting the DNP-OH with benzene. The acid solution is then diluted at 0 °C to 30% sulfuric acid and extracted with 10% tert.-pentanol in benzene for recovery of the DNP-amino acids. DNP-OH may also be removed by sublimation [ 11 ], or by column chromatography on silica gel [ 12] or alumina [13]. 

Hammad and Muller (1998) studied the effect of addition of alcohol with different hydrophilicity, such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol as well as 2-phenylethano on clonazepam solubility in MM. Addition of alcohols with ascending lipophilicity beginning with ethanol, propanol, and upto butanol, insigniLcantly affected clonazepam solubility in MM. Addition of pentanol cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol increased the solubility to different degrees. The increase in the lipophilicity of alcohol increased its afLnity to the micellar phase and hence a higher concentration of the alcohol in the micellar phase is expected. 

The majority of characterized solvates are stoichiometric, with either water or organic solvents present in a Lxed ratio with the drug molecules. Glibenclamide was isolated as two nonsolvated polymorphs, a pentanol solvate, and a toluene solvate (Suleiman and Najib, 1989). Furosemide could form solvates with dimethylformamide or dioxane (Matsuda and Tatsumi, 1989). Haleblian and McCrone (1969) studied the solid forms of steroids, and found different dissolution rates for two monohydrates of Luprednisolone, a monoethanol and hemiacetone solvate of prednisolone and two monoethanolates and a hemichloroform solvate of hydrocortisone. Other solvents that have been reported to form solvates with drugs include methyl ethyl ketone, propanol, hexane, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, and pyridine. The potential toxicity concerns eliminate most of these from consideration as practical mechanisms of solubility enhancement for human therapeutics. 

J.C. Hoskins and A.D. King, Jr., The effect of n-pentanol on the solubility of ethane in micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 82 (1981) 260-263. 

Regarding water solubility, 1,2-dimethoxyethane has two oxygens that can have hydrogen-bonding interactions with water. Pentanol and the other ether have only one oxygen, and the hexane has none. We expect 1,2-dimethoxyethane to be the most soluble in water of these four compounds, and it is. In fact, dimethoxyethane is completely soluble in water 1-pentanol and ethyl n-propyl ether are only slightly soluble in water, and hexane is essentially insoluble in water. 

Pentanol, CH3(CH2)3CH2OH Amyl alcohol liquid bp, 138°C irritant, causes headache and nausea low vapor pressure and low water solubility reduce toxicity hazard... 

The solubility of C02 in 1-pentanol, 1-octanol, PEG200, PEG200 + 1-pentanol and PEG200 + 1-octanol mixtures at 303.15, 313.15 and 323.15 K at pressures up to 8 MPa are measured, and the mass ratios of PEG200 to the alcohols are 1 0, 3 1, 1 1, 1 3 and 0 1, respectively [22]. The solubility of C02 in the neat solvents and the mixed solvents with different compositions increases with increasing pressure... 

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