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Penicillin, continuous production

Penicillin G is produced on a scale of > 20 kt a-1 via fermentation in Penicillium chrysogenum there is no competition from chemistry as production by chemical means would be far too elaborate. A relentless competition has driven the continuous improvement of penicillin G production [120]. Performance figures of the penicillin G culture are well-kept secrets but can be estimated at 15-20 g L-1 d-1. [Pg.358]

Figure I. Continuous production of penicillin by washed (O) and immobilized... Figure I. Continuous production of penicillin by washed (O) and immobilized...
Illanes A, Wilson L, Raiman L (1999) Design of immobilized enzyme reactors for the continuous production of fructose syrup from whey permeate. Bioproc Eng 21 509-515 Illanes A, Wilson L, TomaseUo G (2000) Temperature optimization for reactor operation with chitin-immobiUzed lactase under modulated inactivation. Enzyme Microb Technol 27 270-278 Illanes A, Anjari S, Altamirano C et al. (2004) Optimization of cephalexin synthesis with immobilized penicillin acylase in ethylene glycol medium at low temperatures. J Mol Catal B Enzym 30 95-103... [Pg.46]

In a different approach, Csanyi et al. [15] attempted to show the importance of the bound penicillin to the continuing production of penicillinase, by removing the bound penicillin from cells by treatment at pH 9.5 in tris buffer. A correlation was found between loss of bound penicillin and decline in subsequent penicillinase production. The alkaline treatment also slowed the rate of penicillinase synthesis for about 20 minutes before a return to a steady rate occurred. The same alkaline treatment, applied for varying times to the cells before induction, affected the lag before penieillinase synthesis reached a steady state after the induction. In the extreme case quoted, 30 minutes of alkaline pretreatment delayed penicillinase synthesis for 60 minutes. The temperature of treatment was also critieal little effect was produced at 30°C or under. Reinduction by penicillin after an induced culture had been treated with alkaline tris was rapid, the rate of synthesis rising immediately to the new induced level. In view of the general disturbance to the cells caused by the alkaline treatment and the many factors that can affect penicillinase synthesis in B. cereus (see later sections), it cannot be concluded that the effect of the alkaline treatment demonstrates solely a link between the bound penicillin and penicillinase synthesis. [Pg.496]

A typical fermentation medium for penicillin production contains lactose, com steep Hquot, and calcium carbonate (3,153,154). In most industrial processes the carbohydrate source, glucose, beet molasses, or lactose, is continuously added to the fermentation. The rate of glucose addition must be carefully monitored, by pH or rate of oxygen depletion, because the synthesis of penicillin is markedly reduced in the presence of excess glucose. [Pg.31]

Chloroform was used chiefly as an anesthetic and in pharmaceutical preparations immediately prior to World War II. However, these uses have been banned. Annual output in both the United States and the United Kingdom was between 900 and 1350 metric tons. During the war, chloroform production in the United States tripled, largely to meet the requirement for penicillin manufacture. Demand for chloroform continued to increase in the postwar period as its technical appHcations were extended. Consumption continues to increase at a comparatively rapid rate. Chloroform is now used primarily in the manufacture of HCFC-22, monochlorodifluoromethane, a refrigerant, and as a raw material for polytetrafluoroethylene plastics. [Pg.523]

In conclusion, the penicillin class of compounds continues to be actively studied by the scientific community. While the penicillins are an important part of the physician s armamentarium against infectious disease and will remain so for a considerable time, there is increasing emphasis on the study and use of fermentable penicillins as starting materials for the production of other /3-lactam antibiotics, leading to a wealth of heterocyclic chemistry. [Pg.339]

The growth phase passes rapidly into the antibiotic-production phase. The optimum pH and temperature for growth are not those for penicillin production and there may be changes in the control of these parameters. The only other event that marks the onset of the production phase is the addition ofphenylacetic acid (PAA) by continuous feed. [Pg.156]

Since the initial report of the pH responsive CHEMFET in 1970, CHEMFET s for other species such as Ca , Na", and penicillin have been descril d. In addition, some of these devices have been tested for in vivo or on-line continuous whole blood monitoring. While problems associated with mass production of the more complex CHEMFET s such as those employing enzymes (for example, with the penicillin CHEMFET) have not yet been fully solved, the technology for mass production of the relatively simple pH CHEMFET is api rently now available and problems noted with early devices attributable to irreversible SiO changes and... [Pg.53]

Figure 12.4 illustrates some modes of operation of semicontinuous reactors. In Figure 12.4(a), depicting a gas-liquid reaction of the type A(g) + B(f) - products, reactant A is dispersed (bubbled) continuously through a batch of reactant B an important example is an aerobic fermentation in which air (or 02) is supplied continuously to a liquid substrate (e.g., a batch of culture, as in penicillin production). In Figure 12.4(b),... [Pg.309]


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Penicillin, production

Production continuous

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