Paved and unpaved roads

The number of paved and unpaved roads in the world is huge and is ever-growing. Table 11.2 lists Wikipedia data for the year 2010. 

In all cases, the application is similar and follows clearly defined stages, eg, 

This particular application of separation in roadways is an underappreciated function of geotextiles. Using a geotextile in place of as httie as 25 mm of stone base would justify its use and provide significantly longer roadway service lifetime. Even further, the elimination or mitigation of potholes would be a major benefit. 

As shown in Fig. 11.7 field investigations are ongoing as to pavement performance in a number of locations. 

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Dust from paved and unpaved roads is the most predominant source in Portland. Accurate emissions data is critical to the model s ability to account for all of the measured mass, as well as to the development of a successful strategy. Although the CMB model cannot distinguish between dust emissions from paved and unpaved roads, it can typically assign total dust impacts to within a 5-6% uncertainty. Leaded automotive tailpipe exhaust was selected because it can be accurately estimated by CMB and is the third most abundant contributor to the annual particulate mass, after road dust and vegetative burning. 

Kuhns H, Etyemezian V, Green M, Hendrickson K, McGown M, Barton K, Pitchford M (2003) Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement - part II effect of precipitation, wintertime road sanding and street sweepers on inferred PM10 emission potentials from paved and unpaved roads. Atmos Environ 37 4573M582... 

Claibom C, Mitra A, Adams G, Bamesberger L, Allwine G, Kantamaneni R, Lamb B, Westberg H (1995) Evaluation of PM10 emission rates from paved and unpaved roads using tracer techniques. Atmos Environ 29(10) 1075-1089... 

Dust from paved and unpaved roads Construction dust... 

An inventory of soitrces of PMio particulate matter in the United States appears in Fig. 2 and excludes fugitive soitrces, such as resuspended dusts from paved and unpaved roads. The emission factors for such processes are still very imcertain, and whereas there is no doubt such processes are important, their exact magnitude is not at all well known. Within Europe, emissions from road traffic feature very highly as a source of primary particles,... 

Geotextiles used in reinforcing paved and unpaved roads and railroads... 

Primary reinforcement applications for geotextiles include haul roads and working platforms for constmction over soft soils, permanent paved and unpaved roads, and railroads. Each of these applications will be discussed in this section along with guidelines for the selection and use of geotextiles. 

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