Patterns of adaptation

The pattern of adaptation to chronic sleep restriction punctuated with acute, total sleep deprivation and rapid recovery from the latter may yield the types of changes in performance depicted in Fig. 2. Across the three armed services, in combat operations and in training for combat operations, severe total sleep deprivation is rare. Much more common for all is chronic, moderate sleep restriction at levels that would be expected to produce stable, albeit degraded performance. 

By far more interesting are polyether functionalised imidazolium salts, especially those that lead to metallacrown ether functionalised carbene ligands. Development of this particular ligand class follows the by now familiar pattern of adapting an existing functionalised phosphane to the corresponding carbene. Here, the favourable properties of metallacrown ether functionalised phosphanes in catalytic processes [202-205] leads to the development of similarly functionalised NHC ligands. 

Metabolic regulators of cerebral tissue PtO are complex and involve both vascular and metabolic adaptations. For the brain, the pattern of adaptation includes sequential responses that raise brain PtO (Xu and LaManna, 2006). The initial response is to increase blood flow, followed by an increase in hematocrit and then microvessel density as a result of angiogenesis (vascular adaptations) (Brown et al., 1985 Beck and Krieglstein, 1987 LaManna et al., 1992 LaManna and Harik, 1997 Dunn et al., 2000 LaManna et al., 2004)... 

Squamate epidermis is complex structurally (Maderson, 1965 Maderson et al., 1972) and functionally (Maderson, 1984). Therefore, histological examinations of prairie rattlesnake skin are needed to relate how lipid chemosignals are used to their distribution and arrangement in the integument. Further, microscopic observation may reveal relationships of lipids that act as pheromones and those that control CWL. That rattlesnake skin lipids have pheromonal properties is only half the story how these substances and the skin that produces and contains them have been shaped for this role is important, and may also reveal patterns of adaptation. 

The pattern of adaptation of the orbital and energy structure of the alkyne molecule to the demands of the reaction of addition to a triple bond, shown in Fig. 6.3, is, in principle, retained also in addition reactions to heteronuclear triple bonds. This conclusion follows, for example, from the structure of the transition state V in the reaction of addition of hydrogen chloride to nitriles, which at the stage of the final product formation is characterized by the making of the bond C—Cl. The angle of nucleophilic attack is in the region of the transition strueture 126°. 

Beaulieu, L, M. Peron and J. Bousquet. 2004. Multivariate patterns of adaptive variation and seed source transfer in Picea mariana. Can. J. For. Res. 34 (3) 531-545. 

Figure 18.1 A crystal is built up from many billions of small identical units, or unit cells. These unit cells are packed against each other in three dimensions much as identical boxes are packed and stored in a warehouse. The unit cell may contain one or more than one molecule. Although the number of molecules per unit cell is always the same for all the unit cells of a single crystal, it may vary between different crystal forms of the same protein. The diagram shows in two dimensions several identical unit cells, each containing two objects packed against each other. The two objects within each unit cell are related by twofold symmetry to illustrate that each unit cell in a protein cr) stal can contain several molecules that are related by symmetry to each other. (The pattern is adapted from a Japanese stencil of unknown origin from the nineteenth century.)...

Adaptations to Habitats. Because of Eaith s geom-etiyf and the position of its axis, the equator receives more solar energy per unit area than the polar regions. Because Earth s axis is tilted relative to the plane of Earth s orbit around the Sun, this angle of incident radiation varies seasonally. These factors, combined with Earth s rotation, establish the major patterns of temperature, air circulation, and precipitation. 

The nature of the diet sets the basic pattern of metabohsm. There is a need to process the products of digestion of dietary carbohydrate, lipid, and protein. These are mainly glucose, fatty acids and glycerol, and amino acids, respectively. In ruminants (and to a lesser extent in other herbivores), dietary cellulose is fermented by symbiotic microorganisms to short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric), and metabohsm in these animals is adapted to use these fatty acids as major substrates. All the products of digestion are metabohzed to a common product, acetyl-CoA, which is then oxidized by the citric acid cycle (Figure 15-1). 

The processing of hnRNA molecules is a site for regulation of gene expression. Alternative patterns of RNA splicing result from tissue-specific adaptive and developmental control mechanisms. As mentioned... 

The correct interpretation of measured process data is essential for the satisfactory execution of many computer-aided, intelligent decision support systems that modern processing plants require. In supervisory control, detection and diagnosis of faults, adaptive control, product quality control, and recovery from large operational deviations, determining the mapping from process trends to operational conditions is the pivotal task. Plant operators skilled in the extraction of real-time patterns of process data and the identification of distinguishing features in process trends, can form a mental model on the operational status and its anticipated evolution in time. 

ATP apparatus equipped with a mass spectrometer. Right-hand side TPR patterns of silica-supported Rh, Fe, and Fe-Rh catalysts, which had been previously calcined to ensure that all metals are oxidized at the start of the measurement. [Adapted from J.W. Niemantsverdriet, Spectroscopy in Catalysis, An Introduction (2000), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, and H.F.J. van t Blik and J.W. Niemantsverdriet, Appl. Cota/. 10 (1984) 155.]... 

Figure 11.3 Hierarchical pattern of cyanine-dye J-aggregates. Dye molecules form strongly fluorescent nanoscale J-aggregates J-aggregates arrange at the rim of the micrometer-sized polymer droplet droplets arrange in a regular mm-sized two-dimensional array (adapted from Ref 39).

FIGURE 5.1 Major fragmentation pattern of the parent ion in propane. Numbers on the curves denote m/e values. The relative abundance of these, as well as of the minor ions, stabilizes beyond -40 eV. Adapted from Eyring and Wahrhaftig (1961), with permission from Am. Inst. Phys. ... 

Fig. 24. Glancing angle XRD pattern of a 270 cycle deposit of InAs. Adapted from ref. [280],...

Fig. 70. LEED patterns of (3 x 3) CdTeCd structures. The pattern shown in A) was from a (3 x 3) structure formed in a two step process, where Cd was first deposited at —0.7 V, and then Te at —0.9 V. The pattern shown in B) was from a (3 x 3) structure formed using a three step process Cd was deposited first at —0.6 V, followed by Te at —0.7 V to form the (7 x fl)R 9. °, and then Cd was deposited again at —0.6 V. Adapted from ref. [236],...

Fig. 5 XRD patterns for Sc3CuxZni7 x (x = CM), together with a pattern of pure i-QC (top) from a nominal ScisCuisZ o reaction, and two patterns (bottom) simulated from the single-crystal data of the reported SC3Z1117 and our ScsZnis. (Adapted with permission from [24]. Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society)...

Fig. 12 C -detected C CSA patterns of the SHPrP109 i22 fibril sample. The upper and lower traces correspond to the experimental and simulated spectra, respectively. Simulations correspond to the evolution of a one-spin system under the ROCSA sequence. The only variables are the chemical shift anisotropy and the asymmetry parameter. A Gaussian window function of 400 Hz was applied to the simulated spectmm before the Fourier transformation. (Figure and caption adapted from [164], Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier)...

Figure 4 An ECL probe that does not require the use of a dark box. (A) Bottom view of the top piece. Shown are the patterns of channels leading to the fiberoptic bundle and the location of the stirring rod with respect to the fiberoptic bundle. (B) A detailed view of the probe. The working electrode is aligned directly under the fiberoptic bundle, and both the reference and counterelectrodes are inserted through the top of the top piece and access the solution from the side of the probe. (Adapted with permission from Ref. 30.)...

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